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Surface settlement of flexible pavement in coastal reason occurs for the movement of heavy vehicle, liquefaction of soil layer during seismic shaking, land sliding etc. In coastal area, surface settlement is higher than other geographical area because several sandy layers present in the coastal reason. Surface settlement disturbs the longevity of flexible pavement in homogeneous sandy layer. Waste coconut fiber (WCF), fly ash, coir etc. are suitable additives for reducing such types of settlement. In the present study, numerical analysis performs PLAXIS 3D and various (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) percentages of WCF mix with the asphalt by weight for reducing surface settlement of flexible pavement. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion uses in the numerical analysis and liquefaction has not considered in the present study. However, WCF increases elastic modulus of flexible pavement and it reduces settlement of the pavement. Minimum surface settlement occurs at the maximum percentage of WCF and it is 1.68mm. Therefore, mixer of WCF protects the flexible pavement against severe damage.

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This paper presents the steel tunnel–sand–pile interaction (TSPI) response under scaled (0.05[Formula: see text]g and 0.1[Formula: see text]g) seismic excitations (Kobe and Loma Prieta) and sinusoidal wave (frequencies of 1, 5, and 7[Formula: see text]Hz) along with the sand relative densities of 48% and 80%. For this reason, a scaled shake table test was performed in the laboratory, and the 3D numerical analysis was performed by the Plaxis for the simulation. No joint was considered along the length of the tunnel to avoid complexity. In most cases, the excess pore pressure ratio exceeds the unit value at bottom and top locations of the TSPI model to inform the occurrence of liquefaction. Maximum lateral and translational displacements of the tunnel were found to be 143[Formula: see text]mm and 72[Formula: see text]mm, respectively, at the crown. In addition, the maximum vertical translation of sand and root mean square (RMS) value of the pile strain were obtained to be 61[Formula: see text]mm and 20[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m/m, respectively. However, close variations of numerical and experimental studies may convince the accuracy of the simulation. By the way, it has a scope to enhance this study in the future by varying the geometry of the TSPI model.