Background: AD is the most common cause of dementia in elderly which causes economic burden for the affected individual, caregivers and society. The objective of this study was to see demographic characteristics among AD patients and it will provide magnitude of the problem and planning of health programme for prevention of disease. Methods: This observational analytical study was carried out in the Neurology ward, OPD and Dementia clinic of BSMMU, Dhaka from May’ 15 to February’ 17. A total of 45 patients were recruited as study population after satisfying all the criteria for enrollment. Results: A total of 27 male and 18 female with mean age of 69.20 ± 11.16 years, constituted as cases. Conclusion: The occurrence of AD found more after the age of 65 years. The present study found that lower educational level is associated with more chance of getting AD. Higher rate of Alzheimer’s disease was found in older man than women. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2019; Vol. 35 (1): 10-13

Background: Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans and acts as a natural antioxidant, accounting up to 60% of the free radical scavenging activity in human blood to prevent free radicals induced oxidative cell injury. This study aimed to explore the association between serum uric acid level and cognitive impairment of Alzheimer’s disease patients compared to those of the non-demented age and sex matched controls. Methods: This case control study was carried out in the department of neurology, BSMMU, Dhaka. Total 116 patients were enrolled as study population after satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among them, 58 were grouped as case and rest 58 were control. All blood samples for serum uric acid were measured in the Biochemistry lab, Department of Biochemistry, BSMMU, Dhaka. Results: A signiûcant reduction of serum uric acid levels in the AD group was found compared to those of the control group (4.35±1.59 Vs 6.89±1.68) which was statistically significant (p<0.001). We also found a positive correlation between serum uric acid levels with severity of Alzheimer’s disease (rp = 0.633, P<0.001). Among demographic variables educational qualification was statistically significant (p=0.006) in AD patients. Conclusion: This study showed that oxidative injuries have an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Higher levels of uric acid are associated with a decreased risk of dementia and better cognitive function later in life. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2017; Vol. 33 (2): 83-88

Back ground: Treatment compliance in patients with Alzheimer’s disease is particularly important as patients receiving regular treatment have a greater chance of slowing or delaying disease progression. Transdermal delivery has the potential for providing continuous drug delivery and steady plasma levels. Current study aimed to evaluate safety and tolerability of rivastigmine patch, to assess patient compliance and to assess the efficacy of treatment in patients with dementia (with probable Alzheimer’s disease). Methods: A total of 112 dementia patients (with a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease) from 12 centers were enrolled who were residing with someone in the communities throughout the study. After eligibility, and baseline assessments, patients were entered a 24-week open label treatment phase. All patients were started with application of one 5 cm² patch, followed by an up-titration to the target dose of 10 cm² patch size. Efficacy assessments were performed at weeks 12 and 24 in terms of MMSE and GDS score. Safety was monitored at all assessment points based mainly on the frequency of adverse events. Results: Analysis of baseline and available data until the drop out revealed no significant differentials. Around 95% of the study participants could receive 10 cm² patch size, showing a very high tolerability of the patch. Concurrent medication use also showed significant reduction to 16.3% patient in the end from 25% at baseline. The average MMSE score increased to 19.3 (±3.1) at 12th week and to 20.6(±3.4) at 24th week from 16.8 (±3.2) at baseline. GDS score reduced to 3.7 (±1.4) at 12th week and to 3.2 (±1.3) at 24th week from 4.3 (±1.5) at baseline. Only eight occasions of adverse event was reported (8.2%); no serious adverse event (SAE) were reported. Lost to follow up in the study was 14 (12.5%). Analysis of baseline data shows no significant difference. Their withdrawal seems to be unrelated to the adverse events and treatment outcome. Among the lost to follow up only one 1 (7.1%) had some side effect. Conclusion: Our study supports the pharmacokinetic rationale for the rivastigmine patch, indicating that smooth and continuous delivery of rivastigmine translates into an improved tolerability profile versus conventional oral administration, while maintaining clinical effectiveness. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2013; Vol. 29 (1) : 5-14

Objective: To find out the relationship of different lipids, lipoproteins and ischemic stroke patients in Bangladesh. Methodology: This case control study was conducted among the patients having ischemic stroke who were admitted in Department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from July, 1997 to June, 1999 and age, sex matched apparently healthy volunteers. Sixty ischemic stroke patients confirmed by CT scan of brain and sixty age and sex matched apparently healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. 12 hours fasting lipid profile (Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDLcholesterol and Triglyceride) was done for both ischemic stroke patients and healthy volunteers for comparison. The students (unpaired) t test was used to compare group means for lipids and lipoproteins. Chi square test, odds ratio with confidence interval were done to evaluate differences between the groups for other variables. P<0.05 was considered as minimum level of significance. Result: The mean age (±SD) of the patients and controls were 58.45±10.12 and 59.40±10.41 years respectively and 44 (73.3%) were male and 16 (26.7%) were female and male- female ratio was 2.75:1 in both cases and controls. Total cholesterol (Means) was 201.62±5.52 mg/dl and 169.13±3.49 mg/dl in cases and controls respectively (P<0.001). HDL cholesterol (Means) was 38.36±0.81 mg/dl and 44.03±0.84 mg/dl in cases and controls respectively (P<0.001). LDL cholesterol (Mean±SE) in ischemic stroke patients and controls were 125.45±4.63 mg/dl and 96.40±3.23 mg/dl respectively (P<0.001). Triglyceride (Mean±SE) in cases and controls were 188.50±9.35 mg/dl and 142.85±4.72 mg/dl respectively (P<0.001). Conclusion: This case-control study showed significant differences of serum lipids and lipoproteins (Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride) in ischemic stroke patients than the controls in our community. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2014; Vol. 30 (2): 96-103

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among elderly people. The major pathological hallmarks of AD are the loss of neurons, occurrence of extracellular senile plaques as well as intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Biochemical changes in the brain are reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and intense research efforts have been made to develop biomarkers for the central pathogenic processes in AD that can be used as diagnostic tools. Biomarkers are essential part of disease management as they are essential for diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression, detecting early onset of the disease, monitoring the effect of therapeutic intervention, and also avoiding false diagnosis of the disease. Unfortunately, none of the biomarkers presently available are able to accomplish the disease diagnosis single-handedly. Three CSF biomarkers, Aâ42, Total-tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), have been found to have the highest diagnostic potential. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2015; Vol. 31 (1): 34-41