Social cues, such as eye gaze and pointing fingers, can increase the prioritisation of specific locations for cognitive processing. A previous study using a manual reaching task showed that, although both gaze and pointing cues altered target prioritisation (reaction times [RTs]), only pointing cues affected action execution (trajectory deviations). These differential effects of gaze and pointing cues on action execution could be because the gaze cue was conveyed through a disembodied head; hence, the model lacked the potential for a body part (i.e., hands) to interact with the target. In the present study, the image of a male gaze model, whose gaze direction coincided with two potential target locations, was centrally presented. The model either had his arms and hands extended underneath the potential target locations, indicating the potential to act on the targets (Experiment 1), or had his arms crossed in front of his chest, indicating the absence of potential to act (Experiment 2). Participants reached to a target that followed a nonpredictive gaze cue at one of three stimulus onset asynchronies. RTs and reach trajectories of the movements to cued and uncued targets were analysed. RTs showed a facilitation effect for both experiments, whereas trajectory analysis revealed facilitatory and inhibitory effects, but only in Experiment 1 when the model could potentially act on the targets. The results of this study suggested that when the gaze model had the potential to interact with the cued target location, the model's gaze affected not only target prioritisation but also movement execution.

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The present study addresses theoretically and computationally the performance of electrically conducting water-Fe3O4/CNT hybrid nanofluid in three-dimensional natural convective heat transfer and entropy generation within a wavy-walled trapezoidal enclosure. The enclosure has two layers -a hybrid nanofluid layer and a porous medium layer. A transverse magnetic field is applied in the upward direction. Newtonian flow is considered and the modified Navier-Stokes equations are employed with Lorentz hydromagnetic body force, Darcian and Forchheimer drag force terms. The wavy side planes are heated down while the top and vertical planes are thermally insulated. A rectangular heated fin is placed in the lower plane and several different locations of the fin are considered. The transformed, non-dimensional system of coupled non-linear partial differential equations with associated boundary conditions is solved numerically with the Galerkin finite element method (FEM) in the COMSOL Multiphysics software platform. The effects of Darcy number, Hartmann number, volume fraction, undulation number of the wavy wall and Rayleigh number (thermal buoyancy parameter) on the streamlines, isotherms and Bejan number contours are studied. Extensive visualization of the thermal flow characteristics is included. With increasing Hartmann number and Rayleigh number, the average Bejan number is reduced strongly whereas average Nusselt number is only depleted significantly at very high Rayleigh number and high Hartmann number. With increasing undulation number, there is a slight elevation in average Bejan number at intermediate Rayleigh numbers, whereas the average Nusselt number is substantially boosted, and the effect is maximized at very high Rayleigh number. Increment in Darcy number (i. e. reduction in permeability of the porous medium layer) is observed to considerably elevate average Nusselt number at high values of Rayleigh number, whereas the contrary response is computed in average Bejan number. The simulations are relevant to hybrid magnetic nanofluid fuel cells and electromagnetic nano-materials processing in cavities.

A mathematical model is developed for 2-D laminar, incompressible, electrically conducting non-Newtonian (Power-law) fluid boundary layer flow along an exponentially stretching sheet with power-law slip velocity conditions in the presence of Hall currents, transverse magnetic field and radiative flux. The secondary flow has been induced with appliance of Hall current. The distinguish features of Joule heating and viscous dissipation are included in the model since they are known to arise in thermal magnetic polymeric processing. Rosseland's diffusion model is employed for radiation heat transfer. The non-linear partial differential equations describing the flow (mass, primary momentum, secondary momentum and energy conservation) are transformed into non-linear ordinary differential equations by employing local similarity transformations. The non-dimensional nonlinear formulated set of equations is numerically evaluated with famous shooting algorithm by using MATLAB software. The validation of simulated numerical results has been completed with generalized differential quadrature (GDQ). Extensive visualization of primary and secondary velocities and temperature distributions for the effects of the emerging parameters is presented for both pseudo-plastic fluids (n=0.8) and dilatant fluids (n=1.2). The study is relevant to the manufacturing transport phenomena in electro-conductive polymers (ECPs).