This study revealed that ESWL can treat renal and ureteric stones successfully with an inverse association between outcome and predictors such as stone size and density, SSD, and stent presence. These factors can help us in improving patient selection and ensure better results at lower cost.

pulse repetition rate at a given pulse duration did not always yield faster comminution.CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that more effective fragmentation may be achieved in BWL with long pulse durations and low PRF rather than vice versa. Such a trend will require confirmation through in vivo experiments.