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Are Suul I. ELECTRIFICATION OF MARINE VESSELS AND BATTERY CHARGING FROM SHOREWhile electrification of marine vessels has been a development trend over several decades for increasing functionality and flexibility while reducing fuel consumptions, it is currently among the most promising options for moving towards zeroemission sea transportation. The main types of electrified propulsion systems include traditional diesel-electric solutions, hybrid systems with onboard energy storage, and fully battery-electric propulsion systems. For hybrid and battery-electric systems, onboard energy storage technologies are utilized for reducing or eliminating the fossil fuel consumption. However, applications of large-scale electrical energy storage in high power marine vessels are still facing significant challenges due to the low energy density and high cost of batteries. Thus, the available range for pure battery-electric operation is limited and most vessels with purely battery-based propulsion are currently short-distance ferries or vessels for local coastal transportation.Most countries with long coastlines are currently planning for significant emission reductions alongside the coast and at the ports, leading to development of plug-in battery-powered vessels for short-sea shipping and extension of required infrastructures such as shore charging stations. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) also recommends the development of charging infrastructures, in particular from renewable energy sources, to facilitate the reduction in the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from shipping. Especially for the Emission Controlled Areas (ECAs), regulations are introduced to cut emission of GHGs and particulate matters. Hence, several developments in the same direction are globally emerging, and numerous manufacturers and operators in the maritime industry are considering possibilities for transitioning towards clean energy alternatives.In Norway, significant governmental incentives and corresponding industrial development efforts have been recently dedicated towards reducing emission from domestic marine transport. It is also an especial focus in Norway to cut the emissions in Norwegian world heritage fjords recognized by UNESCO, pushing for zero-emission vessels for passenger and car transportation across the fjords. Norway is therefore at the forefront of electrification of ferries and other vessels for short distance transportation. As an example it is expected that Norway will have 70 battery-electric ferries within 2022. Moreover, around 98 percent of generated electricity comes from renewable energies, mostly hydropower, and charging from shore is therefore providing green electrical energy to the onboard batteries.According to DNV-GL Alternative Fuel Insights (AFI), there are roughly 360 vessels with onboard battery installations operating and in order by early 2020. Of these vessels, approximately 50 percent have fully battery-electric or plug-in hybrid propulsion systems, with the majority being passenger/car ferries and c...

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