More and more people across the world seek a university education. Therefore, universities offer full or partial distance undergraduate and postgraduate degrees to meet that demand. Distance education has become more widespread with advances in the Internet and computer technologies and online learning and teaching software (e.g., Learning Management Systems). The spread of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which broke out in early 2020, has also played a significant role in the increased popularity of distance education. Therefore, investigating and reporting upon university students’ self-leadership (SL) behaviors, self-directed learning (SDL) skills, and online learning (OL) attitudes in such learning environments is both timely and critical. This empirical study used a relational survey model to investigate SL, SDL, and OL among university students. The sample consisted of 835 students in Turkey. Data were collected using the “Self-Directed Learning Scale (SDLS),” “Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ),” and “Online Learning Attitude Scale (OLAS).” Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson coefficient, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). SL was moderately and positively correlated with SDL and OL. SDL was moderately and positively correlated with OL. SDL played a fully mediating role in the relationship between SL and OL. SL predicted OL in both the indirect and total effect model. This study addressed university students’ perceptions and tested a model to provide empirical evidence for the relationships and predictions of SL, SDL, and OL. Therefore, it is believed that the results will help advance the constructs of SDL, SL, and OL paradigms. Received: 07 March 2020Accepted: 17 November 2020

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The aim of this study is to determine Phd students' perceptions on 'doctorate education' and 'instructors' by means of metaphors. The study group consists of 63 students actively attending their doctorate education at various departments of some universities in Turkey. This group was chosen using criterion sampling method which is one of the purposive sampling methods. The current study was designed as a phenomenological study one of qualitative research methods. The data was analyzed through content analysis. To collect the data a semi structured form which was developed by the researchers was utilized. The results showed that participants totally produced 56 metaphors and 52 of them were different. When the metaphors were grouped based on the reasons put forward; 29 of the metaphors reflected positive perceptions, 25 of them reflected negative perceptions and two of them reflected neutral perceptions. Participants produced 58 metaphors for instructors and 43 of them were different. When these metaphors were grouped based on the reasons put forward, 38 of them reflected positive perceptions, 12 of them negative perceptions and one of them neutral perceptions. As for 7 metaphors, they reflected positive and negative perceptions simultaneously.

This research aims to examine the level of technological leadership behaviors of the secondary school principals in the use of technology by teachers according to secondary school teachers' views on the basis of some variables. The quantitative method was used. The study group consisted of 442 teachers from secondary schools in Mamak district of Ankara. The data was collected through "School Principals Technological Leadership Behavior Scale (SPTLB-S)" developed by Durnalı (2018). SPTLB-S consists of eighteen items under four factors which are motivation, orientation, precaution, and support. According to the main result; teachers' views regarding technological leadership behaviors of the secondary school principals in the use of technology by teachers is at a "high (4/5)" level for general and all sub-dimensions. There were no statistically meaningful differences found in terms of all independent variables (gender, age, working experience, education status, working-years spent in the same school, and the duration of working with the principal).

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