We concluded that the distribution of ganglion cells and some nerve fibers in the distal end of the atretic esophageal segment is deficient. Inadequate and abnormal neuronal innervation of the esophagus could be related to the esophageal dysmotility seen in EA. Because GDNF is a survival factor for central and peripheral neurons, defective expression of GDNF could have an important role in the defective and/or abnormal neuronal innervation of atretic esophageal segment.

Prevention is the key to dealing with FBIs. Because the frequency of foreign bodies is higher in underdeveloped countries, education of parents regarding the dangers and prevention of aspiration and ingestion is important.

No abstract

Pulmonary hydatid disease is usually symptomatic. Hydatid disease must be considered in differential diagnosis while evaluating thoracic lesions in endemic areas.

Diltiazem application is effective and safe for the treatment of AF in children, and has a low recurrence rate. The smooth dose-concentration curve causes minimal side effects.