Crises are broadly thought to damage the tourism industry by decreasing tourism revenues due to reduced inbound tourism. This study investigated the negative short-term effects of crises on the crisis management practices of tourism enterprises in Turkey following terrorist attacks between 2015 and 2016, political tensions with the Russian Federation after a military aircraft was shot down in 2015, and the attempted coup in 2016. 219 valid questionnaires were obtained from representatives and managers of hotels, travel companies, airlines, and other tourism enterprises at the 10th Tourism Fair and Congress, Travel Turkey. The findings reveal that the three distinct but interrelated crises all significantly affected tourism enterprises in the short-term. These effects did not differ regarding type of enterprise or years of operation. The stressful working environment and increased costs mostly affected maintenance, human resources, government assistance, promotion, and product and pricing strategies.

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In scientific terms, the real estate valuation is first started in Spain (to recover Castilian treasure from the bad condition) on 10 th October 1749 in the world. Later, the "value" concept came to agenda to cadastral legislation of all European countries. For this reason the "value" issue was added cadastral legislation to France in 1808, Germany in 1872 and Holland in 1810. The first study based on the cadastral valuation in the Ottoman Empire mentioned in the Cadastre Law dated on 5th February 1912, but has dealt with the technical and legal aspects of the cadastre without taking of valuation into account.

By underlining the phenomena of globalization, cultural homogeneity and heterogeneity, this paper focuses on the positive and negative effects of commodification on culture, and tries to bring a comparative perspective on the relationship between tourism and commodification. The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between tourism and commodification, and propose a conceptual model to understand the leading patterns that cause commodification. The lack of a clear consensus in the literature makes this study's attempt for conceptual clarification significant. The research claims that both cultural homogeneity and heterogeneity create commodification, and that this cycle helps cultural values to revive, diversify, renew and remain on the one hand, while causing a loss of authenticity, deterioration or degeneration on the other.

Despite the developments in computer-mediated communication after the advent of the Internet, traditional word-of-mouth (WOM) marketing is still influential on consumers' buying decision processes. As one of the WOM influencer groups, market mavens are information providers who affect buying decision of other consumers with their product knowledge and marketplace expertise. The purpose of the study is to examine whether front-line employees working at travel agencies are market mavens or not. A survey of 120 travel agency employees was conducted using a structured questionnaire including open-ended questions as well. Descriptive statistics, parallel test, minimum average partial test, exploratory factor analysis, independent samples t-test, and correlation analysis were performed using SPSS 24.0 software. The conclusion of the study revealed that the front line employees in travel agencies had a tendency to give recommendations and share information as market mavens.