In this study, a new E shape mounted on minowaki island patch antenna on FR4 substrate is presented for communication systems applications. With insertion of shortening pin between patch and ground plane, the proposed structure resonated on 6 frequencies; hence producing Hex-band response with good realized gain and directivity radiation values and patterns. Co axial cable is used as means of excitation to excite proposed structure with minimum impedance mismatch losses. The proposed design is miniaturized up to 60.66% and can be used for GSM, GPRS, 4G, WLAN and other S-band and Cband applications.

Digital Delta Sigma Modulator (DDSM) is responsible for generation of spurious tones at the output of fractional n frequency synthesizer due their inherent periodicity. This results in an impure output spectrum of frequency synthesizer when they are used to generate the fractional numbers in the divider of Phase Locked Loop (PLL) based frequency synthesizer. This paper presents the design of Error-Output feedback modulator based third order Multistage noise Shaping (MASH) structure with lesser hardware and effective error compensation network to break the underlying periodicity of DDSM. The DDSM is also analyzed by using non-shaped, shaped and selfdithering mechanism to achieve a pure output spectrum and reduced quantization noise.