Melike ATAY POLAT  ÖZ Bu çalışmada, 1980Bu çalışmada, -2010 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CO2 EMISSION, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN OECD COUNTRIES ABSTRACTIn this study, it's been analyzed that if there is the correlation between the CO2 emissions, electricity consumption and economic growth in the OECD countries between the years of 1980-2010. As a result of panel cointegration tests, it was concluded that there is cointegration relationships between CO2 emissions, Gross Domestic Product and electricity consumption. Long-term forecasts has shown that there is statistically significant relationship between electricity consumption and CO2 emissions in the majority of 30 OECD countries. Also the conclusion supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis which means that there is a nonlinear relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth were reached. Finally results of Panels Vector Error Correction Model are show that there is a one-way causality relationship between Gross Domestic Product and CO2 emissions and there is bi-directional causality relationship between Gross Domestic Product and electricity consumption in the short term.

The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between air pollution, economic growth, energy use, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and financial development in N‐11 countries data period from 1980 to 2018. For this purpose, it is adopted the Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model for the estimation of the long and short‐run effects. The results suggest that although energy consumption and financial development have a negative impact on CO2 emissions, foreign direct investment leads to an increase in pollution. In addition, there is bidirectional causality between financial development and CO2 emissions and energy use, carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption, foreign direct investments and energy consumption, and financial development and energy consumption. In addition, there is unidirectional causality from carbon dioxide emissions to GDP, from energy consumption to GDP, from foreign direct investments to CO2 emissions and GDP, from financial development to GDP. Finally, impulse‐response functions indicate the validity of the EKC hypothesis in these countries.

Öz Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de CO2 emisyonu ile ekonomik büyüme, elektrik tüketimi ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar arasındaki ilişki 1980-2013 dönemi için test edilmiştir. Çalışmada tekli kırılmaya izin veren Zivot-Andrews yapısal kırılmalı birim kök testi uygulanmıştır. Birim kök testleri sonucunda serilerin seviye değerlerinde birim kök içerdiği tespit edilmiş, birinci farkları alındığında durağan hale geldikleri gözlemlenmiştir. Değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin olup olmadığı Gregory-Hansen yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme testi ile araştırılmıştır. Gregory-Hansen eşbütünleşme testi sonuçlarına göre; CO2 emisyonu ile GSYH, elektrik tüketimi ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar arasında uzun dönemli bir eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığından söz edilebilir. Yani, GSYH, elektrik tüketimi ve doğrudan yabancı yatırım değişkenlerinin CO2 emisyonu üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Eşbütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edilen değişkenler arasındaki uzun ve kısa dönemli ilişkiler yapısal kırılmaların kukla değişken olarak analize dahil edilebildiği FMOLS ve CCR eşbütünleşme katsayı tahmincileri ile test edilmiştir. Tahmin sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye'nin GSYH ve elektrik tüketimindeki %1'lik artış CO2 emisyonunu sırasıyla % 0.10 ve %0.29 oranında artırmaktadır. Sanayi sektörünün ekonomideki payının yüksek olması ve üretimde makineleşmenin yoğunluğu elektrik tüketimini de artırmaktadır. Dolayısıyla ekonomideki bu gelişmelere paralel olarak çevre kalitesi de olumsuz yönde etkilenmektedir. Ayrıca, doğrusal yabancı yatırımlarındaki %1'lik artış CO2 emisyonunu %0.002 azaltmakta iken, katsayı anlamsız bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, ülkeye yapılan doğrudan yabancı yatırımların CO2 emisyonunu artırdığını ifade eden "Kirlilik Cenneti Hipotezinin" ise Türkiye için geçerli olmadığı ifade edilebilir.

Since the 1960s, increased health spending has caused much concern all over the world. Researches done on this subject while one hand have tried to explain the causes of the increase in health expenditures, on the other hand, investigated which variables could be affected to reduce costs. The aim of this study is to investigate the trends and determinants of health spending by means of panel data method for Level 2 Region in Turkey. As a result of the analysis, while there was statistically significant and positive relationship between health expenditures and population, inflation rate and tax rate; statistically significant yet negative correlation was found between health expenditures, infant mortality rate and literacy rate.

The relationship between economic growth (in terms of GDP) and renewable energy (RE) and nonrenewable energy (NRE) consumption was investigated in 20 countries featured on the Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index list, also known as the Paris Club. The effect of both RE and NRE consumption on economic growth is discussed in the growth model based on the neoclassical production function. Labor and capital, which are important dynamics of growth, are also considered in the model. Granger causality and panel vector autoregression analysis are performed for the period 1991–2016. The results show that neither RE nor NRE consumption has a positive effect on economic growth. In reality, a 1% increase in RE consumption will reduce the GDP growth by 0.14%. For the effect of GDP growth on energy types, if growth increases by 1%, NRE consumption increases by 5.54%. If economic growth increases by 1%, a reduction of 1.73% occurs in RE consumption. In contrast, a causal link between both types of energy to growth has not been determined. There is no statistically significant coefficient of NRE and capital factors on GDP. A mutually positive and statistically significant relationship was determined between labor and growth. According to the results of variance decomposition, the basic dynamic of growth is itself: over a ten-year period, growth was affected by itself by 98%.