For short incubation times, all dyes appear equally safe. For longer incubation times, TB preparations were more toxic than BBG preparations. The toxicity of TB was reduced by the addition of PEG. Further studies are required to determine the clinical impact of this finding.

Halogenated dodecaborates, and especially dodecaiodododecaborate(2−), are found to trigger effectively the release of the contents of phospholipid liposomes, including liposomes containing distearoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, which are used clinically in cancer therapy. The basis of the release is studied through differential scanning calorimetry, cryo‐transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Upon administration at high concentrations, drastic morphological changes are induced by the dodecaborates. Their possible use in triggered release is suggested.

The depth of injury (DOI) is a mechanistic correlate to the ocular irritation response. Attempts to quantitatively determine the DOI in alternative tests have been limited to ex vivo animal eyes by fluorescent staining for biomarkers of cell death and viability in histological cross sections. It was the purpose of this study to assess whether DOI could also be measured by means of cell viability detected by the MTT assay using 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructed models of cornea and conjunctiva. The formazan-free area of metabolically inactive cells in the tissue after topical substance application is used as the visible correlate of the DOI. Areas of metabolically active or inactive cells are quantitatively analyzed on cryosection images with ImageJ software analysis tools. By incorporating the total tissue thickness, the relative MTT-DOI (rMTT-DOI) was calculated. Using the rMTT-DOI and human reconstructed cornea equivalents, we developed a prediction model based on suitable viability cut-off values. We tested 25 chemicals that cover the whole range of eye irritation potential based on the globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS). Principally, the MTT-DOI test method allows distinguishing between the cytotoxic effects of the different chemicals in accordance with all 3 GHS categories for eye irritation. Although the prediction model is slightly over-predictive with respect to non-irritants, it promises to be highly valuable to discriminate between severe irritants (Cat. 1), and mild to moderate irritants (Cat. 2). We also tested 3D conjunctiva models with the aim to specifically address conjunctiva-damaging substances. Using the MTT-DOI method in this model delivers comparable results as the cornea model, but does not add additional information. However, the MTT-DOI method using reconstructed cornea models already provided good predictability that was superior to the already existing established in vitro/ex vivo methods.

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