medical historians are wont to divide surgical history into two periods, "Before Lister" and "After Lister." In this period "After Lister" we are accustomed to take for granted the germ theory of disease and the limitless benefits of antiseptic methods. Such, however, was not always the case. It is only within the past three-quarters of a century that the causal relationship of microorganisms to disease has been definitely and irrefutably established and that truly
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