In this study, an outer surface modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane (HF-PVDF-CNT) was prepared by coating with dopamine (PD) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), to solve the problems of the instability of pure CNT mats fabricated by filter coating methods and membrane fouling in wastewater treatment. The modified membrane was assessed and characterized by various methods, including studies of its top surface and cross-sectional morphology, wettability, functional groups and electrical conductivity. The CNT material stability was evaluated during backwashing. The antifouling and filtering abilities of the unmodified and modified membranes were tested by monitoring the change in TMP and the rejection performance for different contaminants during filtration in bovine serum albumin solution (BSA), sodium alginate solution (SA) and humic acid solution (HA). Furthermore, HF-PVDF-CNT and electro-assisted HF-PVDF-CNT membranes were employed as the basic separation units in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) system and an anaerobic electrochemical membrane bioreactor (AnEMBR) system, respectively. Characterization of the HF-PVDF-CNT membrane indicated that the CNT mats exhibited good stability, electrical conductivity and wettability. In filtration experiments using BSA, SA and HA solutions, the HF-PVDF-CNT membrane showed an obvious improvement compared with the HF-PVDF membrane in antifouling performance. During its application in the AnMBR and AnEMBR systems, the electro-assisted HF-PVDF-CNT membrane had greater effects than the HF-PVDF-CNT membrane on reducing fouling.

A novel and amplifying anaerobic electrochemical membrane bioreactor was constructed and operated for a long time (204 days) with synthetic glucose solution having an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 315 mg L−1, at different applied voltages and room temperatures.