A high-efficiency and high-power vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) side-pumped rod Nd:YAG laser with temperature adaptability is demonstrated. The VCSEL side-pumped laser module is designed and optimized. Five VCSEL array is symmetrically located around the laser rod and a large size diffused reflection chamber is designed to ensure a uniform pump distribution. Furthermore, the absorbed pump power distribution of the rod is simulated to verify the uniformity of the pump absorption. Finally, a proof-of-principle experiment is performed in short linear cavity laser with single laser module. A continuous-wave output power of 658 W at 1064 nm is obtained, the corresponding optical-to-optical efficiency is 52.6%, and the power variations are ± 0.7% over 400 s and ± 3.1% over the temperature range from 16℃ to 26℃. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power and the highest optical-to-optical efficiency ever reported for VCSEL pumped solid-state lasers. By inserting a telescopic module into the cavity and optimizing the TEM00 mode volume, the average beam quality is measured to be M 2=1.34 under an output power of 102 W. The experimental results reveal that such a high power rod laser module with temperature stability is appropriate for field applications.