The present study examines whether there is a relationship between the ethical leadership (EL), organizational justice perception (OJP), and deviant behaviors (WDB) of customs officers working at international airports in Turkey, and aims to determine whether OJP has a mediating effect on the relationship between EL and WDB. For this purpose, the study was conducted on the 487 customs officers working at 28 airports open to international flights in Turkey. In this study, which was carried out with the quantitative method, the obtained data were analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that EL had a direct and significant effect on OJP. On the other hand, OJP had a negative direct, and significant effect on deviant workplace behaviors. Moreover, there was no direct and consequential effect of EL on WDB. In addition, EL indirectly affected WDB through OJP, and the OJP had a full mediation effect between these two variables. The findings were interpreted by using social exchange theory. This study develops our understanding of the organization-level antecedents of WDB and mediating role of OJP as the social mechanism of EL. In the Conclusion section of the study, some theoretical conclusions are discussed, and recommendations are offered for customs managers.
Girişimciliğin, yenilikçilik, iş yaratma veya ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkileri önemli olmakla birlikte, bireyler düzeyinde girişimci olma isteğinin nedenlerini ve ilişkili olguları açıklamak girişimcilik süreçlerini anlamak için önemli bir katkı sağlayabilir. Bu çalışmada girişimcilik süreçlerine dair daha ayrıntılı bir anlayış geliştirmek amacıyla girişimcilik motivasyonu konusu incelenmiştir. Motivasyonun bireyleri harekete geçirdiği temel varsayımından hareketle KOSGEB Uygulamalı Girişimcilik Eğitimlerine katılan 589 girişimci adayına yüz yüze anket uygulanmış ve girişimci adaylarının girişimcilik motivasyonları açıklanmıştır. Çalışmada girişimcilik motivasyonunun ekonomik, girişimsel, toplumsal, çalışma ve bireycilik boyutlarının gelir, cinsiyet, tecrübe, eğitim gibi seçilmiş bazı değişkenler bakımından ilişkilerine dair bulgular tartışılmış ve yorumlanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, sosyal ve çalışma boyutları açısından erkelerin kadınlardan daha fazla motivasyona sahip oldukları bulunmuştur. Girişimcilik tecrübesi olanlar, girişimcilik tecrübesi olmayanlara göre daha fazla bireysel motivasyona sahiptir. Gelir düzeyi daha yüksek olanlar sosyal anlamda daha fazla motive olmaktadırlar. Gelir seviyesi daha yüksek olan girişimci adayları, diğer gelir grupları ve gelir dışı gruplardan daha fazla bireysel motivasyona sahiptir. Daha düşük eğitim seviyesine sahip girişimci adaylarının, hem girişimcilik hem de ekonomik motivasyon boyutlarında daha yüksek eğitim almış olanlardan daha fazla motive oldukları bulunmuştur.
In modern societies, employment is a social phenomenon that is central to life. Those who find a job in the labour market spend most of their day working. Since paid work means both the acquisition of better economic resources and opportunities and the attainment of social status in society, workers' working conditions are of great importance for job satisfaction and thus for the quality of work and life. In this article, after discussing various definitions, the factors that determine the level of job satisfaction are examined in general terms. However, these factors, which have been identified by different researchers at different times, do not constitute a single entity. For this reason, after a brief evaluation of their measurement, the dependence of job satisfaction on influencing factors, the so-called correlates, will be analysed in depth using two different categories. The aim of the article is to present the content of a total of ten factors within the categories of work (place) and personal behaviour and the correlation between job satisfaction as a whole and, on the basis of an employment-friendly social policy, to create a decent working environment through these factors, which, as a result of a comprehensive analysis, leads to high job satisfaction.
Women in Japan have almost always been intertwined with agriculture. However, agri-women could not see the value of their deserve in agricultural production processes. The increasing importance of agriculture in the economic growth and the raising awareness on food safety brought the issue of women's empowerment in agriculture. Although the general entrepreneurship tendencies are not high in Japan, in order to ensure that agriculture has positive effects on the economy, it is seen that the arrangements for the development of agri-women entrepreneurship have accelerated after 2015. Our study is aimed to reveal the situation of women in agricultural works, the reasons that lead women to work in agriculture, the support provided to women as agricultural entrepreneurs and the problems have experienced by Japanese women entrepreneurs in agriculture. Based on these statements, it is also aimed to present concrete proposals that will ensure the empowerment of women in Japan on the axis of agricultural entrepreneurship. According to the main results, women entrepreneurship in agriculture is getting more attention due to the increasing importance of safe food production in agriculture and agricultural factors for economic development. On the other hand, it is understood that more social consciousness is needed to increase the women entrepreneurship in agriculture.
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