SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus that causes COVID-19. This virus was first detected in the city of Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019, and until now, it has become a global pandemic. The FDA recently approved Vekluty (remdesivir) for adults and certain pediatric patients who have COVID-19 and are sick enough to require hospitalization. One of the potential drug target candidates for SARS-CoV-2 is the main protease (Mpro). The purpose of this study was to analyze the flavonoid compounds found in orange (Citrus sp.) peel to determine its potential as anti-Mpro through a molecular docking study. The compounds were initially screened for drug-like properties and then docked using Autodock Vina in the PyRx emulator software. The docking results were visualized using the BIOVIA Discovery Visualizer 2020. The result showed that the binding free energy of hesperidin (-8.6 kcal/mol) was higher than nelfinavir (-8.5 kcal/mol). In addition, hesperitin (-7.3 kcal/mol), sakuranetin (-7.1 kcal/mol), isosacuranetin (-7.2 kcal/mol) and tetra-o-methylscutallerin (-6.8 kcal/mol) exhibited lower binding free energy value than control. Based on these results, hesperidin has the potential as an inhibitor of the main protease’s SARS-CoV-2.

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Eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) merupakan salah satu tanaman liar Indonesia yang dianggap sebagai gulma. Keberadaannya dapat mengganggu ekosistem yang ada di sungai, tetapi E.crassipes terbukti dapat menyerap logam Pb dan Fe, diyakini juga bahwa E.crassipes dapat menyerap logam-logam lain seperti Hg, Zn, Cu dan Cd yang termasuk pada golongan logam berat bersama Pb dan Fe. Selain sebagai penyerap logam berat, E.crassipes dapat juga menyerap residu pestisida. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, untuk mengetahui respon bioakumulator terhadap logam Pb dan Cd di sungai Pegangsaan Dua. Sampel E.crassipes diperoleh dari Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (Balittro) sebagai kontrol, dan di sungai Pegangsaan Dua sebagai sampel uji. Sampel tumbuhan E.crassipes yang dianalisis respon bioakumulatornya adalah organ batang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian juga dapat diketahui bahwa tumbuhan E.crassipes, mampu mengakumulasi logam berat Cd dan Pb. Organ yang paling berpotensi dalam menyerap Cd dan Pb adalah organ batang dengan rata-rata titik 1 Cd: 0,056 ppm dan Pb: 0,5002 ppm, kemudian rata-rata titik 2 Cd: 0,0328 ppm dan Pb: 0,0215 ppm, dan rata-rata titik 3 Cd: 0,0143 ppm dan Pb: 1,293 ppm.

Irrational antibiotic use in the treatment of infectious diseases can result in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The purpose of this study is to determine the physical properties of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) and to assess its antibacterial activity against MRSA. Citronella essential oil was extracted using a water-steam distillation method, yielding 0.5 percent. Citronella essential oil has a specific gravity of 0.904, a refractive index of 1.470, and is slightly soluble in 80 percent ethanol. All of these parameters were in accordance with the Indonesian Standard Requirement (SNI) for Citronella essential oil. The disc diffusion assay was used to test the antibacterial activity of this Citronella essential oil. The result indicated that Citronella essential oil has an activity to inhibit MRSA invitro.

Pharmaceutical dosage form that contains herbal materials has been developed in order to make it easy to consume. Tablet is one of pharmaceutical dosage form that generally used. A formulation and antimicrobial test of tablet containing extract of Kepel leaf with different concentration of diluents, binders, and disintegrants has been studied. The evaluation test showed that formulation consist of  25 % of Kepel leaf extract, 64.5 % of avicel PH 102, 2 % of PVP, 7 % of amprotab, 0.5 % of aerosil, and 1 % of talcum are better than the others. The experimental method used in this study was wet granulation. From the result of the mass granulation evaluation, it was obtain that speed flow without vibration was 2.53 second, with vibration was 2.83 second, bulk density was 0.329 g/mL, taped density was 0.376 g/mL and compressibility was 12.65 %. The result of tablet evaluation obtained that the average weight was 498 mg, with the average hardness was 4 kg/cm2 and disintegration time was 2.36 minutes. Antimicrobial test showed that in the concentration of 50 mg/mL, had average inhibitory diameter against S. aureus of 12.96 mm, P. aeruginosa 12.7 mm, and against B. subtilis was 12.53 mm. Whereas, concentration of 62.5 mg/mL had average inhibitory diameter against S. aureus was 13.5 mm, P. aeruginosa was 13.56 mm, and against B. subtilis was 13.43 mm. Both concentrations did not have antimicrobial activity against E.coli.