The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of maximal oxygen consumption, left ventricular function and serum lipids after 36 weeks of aerobic exercise in elderly women without the influence of drugs. Eight elderly women were studied by M-mode and Doppler echocardiography to assess left ventricular size, mass and function. Maximal oxygen consumption (V O 2 max) was determined for each subject by administering a treadmill exercise test. The training intensity was decided by heart rate reserve. Subjects performed exercise for 40minutes a day, 3days a week at 50-60% of the heart rate reserve during the 36 weeks. Exercise capacity was assessed by V O 2 max with a graded exercise test of the treadmill. Weight and % body fat decreased after training. Cardiorespiratory function improved because of the increase in V O 2 max and V O 2 max normalized for body weight after training. Systolic blood pressure significantly decreased. There are no significant difference in all left ventricular's parameters (end-diastolic dimension, endsystolic dimension, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction, fractional shortening) after 36 weeks. Exercise training did not induce left ventricular (LV) enlargement as evidence of an absence of increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume. The total cholesterol level and triglyceride level decreased after training. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol significantly increased and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol significantly decreased, atherogenic index (AI) significantly decreased and apolipoprotein A-I increased and apolipoprotein B decreased after training. In conclusion, although there was no significant change in left ventricular function, aerobic training showed a positive influence on body composition, maximal oxygen consumption and serum lipids.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between depression, stress, self-esteem, oral health-related quality of life in middle-aged women. Data were as collected by self-reported questionnaires from 205 middle-age women. The instruments were the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D), Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI), Self-Esteem Scale (SES). The data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 21.0. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis found that oral health impact profile (OHIP) was significantly associated with depression (r=−0.560, p＜0.001), stress (r=−0.595, p＜0.001), self-esteem (r=0.522, p＜0.001). The OHIP was explained 39.4% by stress (=−0.362, p＜0.001), self-esteem (=0.203, p=0.009) using multiple regression analysis. These results indicate that the intervention program of oral health promotion for communitymiddle-aged women is needed from now on.

Obesity is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), upregulated with obesity, and correlates with insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. APP is alternatively spliced into several isoforms, which may be indicative of the pathogenesis of APP-related diseases, but the accurate quantification has been difficult to standardize and reproduce. In light of this, we developed isoform-specific absolute cDNA standards for absolute quantitative real-time PCR (AQ-PCR), and measured transcript copy numbers for three major APP isoforms (APP770, APP751, and APP695), in SAT from C57BL/6 mice fed either a normal or high-fat diet. Expression of all three major APP isoforms was increased in diet-induced obese mice. Transcript copy numbers of APP770 and APP695 correlated with plasma insulin and CCL2 gene expression. The ratios of APP770 and APP751 to APP695 gradually decreased with aging, and correlated with plasma glucose levels. In addition, APP770 was significantly decreased in thiazolidinedione-treated mice. We describe quantification of APP isoform transcripts by AQ-PCR, which allows for direct comparison of gene copy number across isoforms, between experiments, and across studies conducted by independent research groups, which relative quantitative PCR does not allow. Our results suggest a possible role of differential expression of APP isoforms in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. In addition, it is important to determine if altered ratios of APP isoforms in SAT contribute to higher circulating Aβ peptides and increased risk of abnormalities in obesity.

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The purpose of this study is to propose learning objectives in social dental hygiene by analyzing and reviewing learning objectives in oral health administration area of the existing public oral health. This study is a cross-sectional study. The subjects of the study selected with convenience extraction were 15 members of the social dental hygiene subcommittee of the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science. Data collection was conducted by self-filling questionnaire. The research tool is from 48 items of A division in the book of learning objectives in the dental hygienist national examination, and this study classified each of them into 'dental hygiene job relevance', 'dental hygiene competency relevance', 'timeliness', and 'value discrimination of educational goal setting' to comprise 192 items. Also, to collect expert opinions, this study conducted Delphi survey on 7 academic experts. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0 program (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Recoding was performed according to the degree of relevance of each learning objective and frequency analysis was performed. This study removed 18 items from the whole learning objectives in the dental hygienist national examination in the oral health administration area of public oral health. Fifteen revisions were made and 15 existing learning objectives were maintained. Forty-five learning objectives were proposed as new social dental hygiene learning objectives. The topics of learning objectives are divided into social security and medical assistance, oral health care system, oral health administration, and oral health policy. As a result of this study, it was necessary to construct the learning objectives of social dental hygiene in response to changing situation at the time. The contents of education should be revised in order of revision of learning objectives, development of competency, development of learning materials, and national examination.