This study supports the hypothesis that joint incongruency is associated with FCP in dogs, though is not present in every case at the time of diagnosis. The precise mechanism of development of this incongruency cannot be determined from these data.

Less than half of the HCs were removed electively because of availability of a more permanent mode of renal replacement, thereby illustrating the level of dependence that has developed on them as permanent access. Consequently, their limitations (infection and malfunction) are placing an ever increasing burden on the healthcare services.

Use of LP construct and postoperative antibiotic therapy significantly decreased infection rate in dogs >50 kg that have TPLO.

Even in dogs with clinical features typical of the condition most commonly termed IOHC, fissure formation and propagation can occur after ossification is complete.

Clinical examination findings, specifically Campbell's test, can be used to determine elbow CL integrity in dogs and cats. The contralateral elbow should be used as a control, because of interanimal variability in angles of rotation.