A basic engineering decision to be made in designing a tunnel in soft clay is whether or not the tunnel can be excavated without internal support. The safety of constructing a shallow heading in soft clay can be assessed in terms of the fluid support pressure which may be required to maintain stability. This can be estimated by means of the lower and upper bound theorems of plasticity. The Paper considers three different shapes of shallow underground opening relevant to tunnelling and upper and lower bound stability solutions are derived for collapse under undrained conditions. Solutions are also derived for assessment of the risk of blow-out failure caused by excessively high fluid pressures. Conditions are considered under which local collapse can occur, independent of the cover above the tunnel. Une décision fondamentale doit être prise lorsque l'on veut réaliser un tunnel dans de l'argile molle; il s'agit, en effet, de décider si un support interne sera ou non nécessaire pour l'excavation du tunnel. La sécurité de la construction d'une galerie peu profonde dans de l'argile molle peut être évaluée en fonction de la pression du fluide support qui pourrait être nécessaire au maintien de la stabilité. Cette estimation peut se faire à l'aide des théorèmes à limites inférieure et supérieure. L'article envisage trois formes différentes d'ouverture souterraine peu profonde intéressant le creusement de tunnels, et des solutions de stabilité à limites inférieure et supérieure sont trouvées pour l'affaissement dans des conditions non drainées. Des solutions sont également trouvées en ce qui concerne l'évaluation du risque de rupture par éruption due aux pressions excessives du fluide. Les conditions dans lesquelles un affaissement local peut se produire sont envisagées, indépendamment de la couverture située audessus du tunnel.
Consistent with current views, capacity reflected an interaction between the decision-maker and the demands of the decision-making task. The findings have implications for the way in which decisions about health care interventions are sought from people with a 'mental disability'. The methodology may be extended to assess capacity to make other legally-significant decisions.
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