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Ironstone is any chemical sedimentary rock with >15% Fe. An iron formation is a stratigraphic unit which is composed largely of ironstone. The solutes which have precipitated to become ironstone have dissolved from the Earth's surface, from the upper crust, e.g. the basaltic layer of oceanic crust, or from deeper within the Earth. Genetic modellers generally choose between surficial weathering, e.g. soil formation, and hydrothermal fluids which have convected through the upper kilometre of oceanic crust. Most genetic modellers attribute 2703-2712. Mnnuscript

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Pre‐Alpine structures in the SE Mediterranean (Levant) are characterized by regional extensional features, which are associated with opening of the Mediterranean Sea. Marginal marine basins apparently began forming during the Triassic and Jurassic, and reached their apex during the Cretaceous. Stress patterns attributed to early development of the Mediterranean are similar to those seen in the relatively stable adjacent continental margin. The two major structural‐basin trends in the continental margin are orthogonal, e.g. the NW‐SE trend of the Sirhan Basin, and the NE‐SW trend of the Palmyra Basin. The western convergence of these two basins is marked by basaltic flows and volcanoclastic deposits, probably related to basaltic volcanism in the nearby Mediterranean Sea. These two basins maintained a largely unimpeded circulation of seawater with the opening Mediterranean, and therefore they contain few highly carbonaceous beds. Post‐rift shortening apparently produced minor petroleum resources.