The review resulted in the conclusion that 3D TEE provides unique and dynamic 3D spatial information that cannot be obtained by 2D TEE or fluoroscopy. In addition to technical and process advancements, future studies should address educational value in terms of acceleration of learning curves, and impact on surgical decision making.

No abstract

BACKGROUND: The perioperative assessment of right ventricular (RV) function remains a challenge. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) using M-mode is a widely used measure of RV function. However, accurate alignment of the ultrasound beam with the direction of annular movement can be difficult with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to measure TAPSE, precluding effective use of M-mode to measure annular excursion. Tracking of specular reflectors in the myocardium may provide an angle-independent method to assess annular motion with TEE. We hypothesized that TEE speckle tracking of the lateral tricuspid annular motion represents a comparable measurement to the well-validated M-mode TAPSE on transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), and may be considered as a reasonable alternative to TAPSE. METHODS: This is a prospective, observational cohort study. We included all patients, who were in sinus rhythm, with a preoperative TTE within 3 months of scheduled cardiac surgery that required intraoperative TEE. Tissue motion annular displacements (TMAD) of the lateral (L), septal (S), and midpoint (M) tricuspid annulus were measured (QLAB Cardiac Motion Quantification; Philips Medical, Andover, MA) after induction of general anesthesia. This was compared to the preoperative M-mode TAPSE on TTE. RESULTS: Seventy-two consecutive patients who met eligibility requirements were enrolled from September to November 2016. Twelve were excluded due to poor image quality, allowing TMAD to be analyzed in 60 patients. TMAD was analyzed offline and TMAD analysis was able to track tricuspid annular motion in all patients. The mean TMAD (L), TMAD (S), and TMAD (M) were 17.4 ± 5.2, 10.2 ± 4.8, and 14.2 ± 4.8 mm, respectively. TMAD (L) showed close correlation with M-mode TAPSE on TTE (r = 0.87, 95% confidence interval, 0.79–0.92; P < .01). All patients with a preoperative TAPSE <17 mm had a TMAD (L) <17 mm, while 71% of those with a TAPSE ≥ 17 mm had a TMAD (L) ≥ 17 mm. There was strong positive correlation between TMAD (L) and intraoperative RV fractional area change (r = 0.86, 95% confidence interval, 0.77–0.91; P < .01). Reproducibility analysis of TMAD within and across observers showed excellent correlation. CONCLUSIONS: TMAD is a quick and angle-independent method to quantitatively assess RV longitudinal function by TEE. It correlates strongly with M-mode TAPSE on TTE. Because TMAD and TAPSE were not simultaneously measured in this study, their correlation is subject to differences in loading conditions, general anesthesia, and changes in the disease process. TMAD may be easily applied in routine clinical settings and its role in the perioperative environment deserves to be further explored.

Three-dimensional rendering of a normal aortic valve in midsystole. Central MessageThis study aims to unlock vendor-specific tags and establish an open-source workflow for generating 3-dimensional anatomic models of cardiac structures from routine echocardiographic data sets.

No abstract