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The direct utilisation of side streams from membrane processing and evaporation is of great potential interest for dairies to reduce water consumption. In an analytical screening of 89 industrially obtained processing side streams, samples varied in pH and conductivity in broad ranges of 4.22 to 7.56 and 0.001 to 0.949 Siemens per meter, respectively. Detailed compositional data of the side streams enabled an assessment of their applicability as diafiltration (DF) media for milk protein purification during microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF). Microfiltration experiments with simulated nanofiltration (NF) permeates showed that slight compositional variations of DF media can significantly affect milk filtration performance.

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Understanding the behavior of casein micelles (CMs) in a concentrated state is of interest for the targeted functionalization of micellar casein concentrates (MCCs). We assessed potential differences in colloidal properties of CM at threefold (MCC) and milk-like concentration (MLC) in response to compositional changes of CM caused by modifications of the ionic environment induced by the addition of CaCl 2 and trisodium citrate (TSC). CMs were therefore analyzed regarding surface charge, particle size distribution, volume fraction, and voluminosity. CMs in MCC showed less pronounced colloidal changes induced by TSC and CaCl 2 than equally treated MLC. New mechanistic insights into structural integration and release of water and calcium in or from the micellar structure relative to the observed colloidal changes could be gained. This study offers a better comprehension of the properties of CM in the concentrated state and options for a more targeted design of their functionalities.