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A great deal has been learned from such inquiry and generally appears to be reflected in current assessment center practices (Spychalski, Quinones, Gaugler, & Pohley, 1997). Professional recommendations in the form of the Guidelines and Ethical Considerations for Assessment Center Operations (Task Force on Assessment Center Guidelines, 1989) have been developed on the basis of research, theory, and accepted practices. The guidelines list 10 "essential elements necessary for a process to be considered an Assessment Center" (p. 461). Two of these essential elements are particularly relevant to the current discussion and are paraphrased below:

Results suggest that high- and low-fidelity simulations are both associated with increases in critical thinking scores.