Insulin-mediated sodium retention is implicated as a mechanism for hypertension in metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. However, there is no direct experimental evidence for a sustained antinatriuretic effect of insulin outside of rodents, and all previous studies in dogs have been negative. This study used a novel approach to test for a chronic sodium-retaining action of insulin in dogs, by testing the hypothesis that natriuresis in type I diabetes is dependent on the decrease in insulin, rather than being due solely to osmotic actions of hyperglycemia. Dogs were chronically instrumented and housed in metabolic cages. Fasting blood glucose in alloxan-treated dogs was maintained at ~65 mg/dl by continuous intravenous insulin infusion. Then, a 6-day diabetic period was induced by either 1) decreasing the insulin infusion to induce type I diabetes (D; blood glucose = 449 ± 40 mg/dl) or 2) clamping the insulin infusion and infusing glucose continuously (DG; blood glucose = 470 ± 56 mg/dl). Control urinary sodium excretion (UnaV) averaged 70 ± 5 (D) and 69 ± 5 (DG) meq/day and increased on day 1 in both groups. UnaV remained elevated in the D group (115 ± 15 meq/day days 2-6), but it returned to control in the DG group (69 ± 11 meq/day days 2-6) and was accompanied by decreased lithium clearance. Thus, insulin had a sustained antinatriuretic action that was triggered by increased glucose, and it was powerful enough to completely block the natriuresis caused by hyperglycemia. These data may reveal an unrecognized physiologic function of insulin as a protector against hyperglycemia-induced salt wasting in diabetes.

Volume 41, no. 5, p. 1919Volume 41, no. 5, p. -1924. In our paper, we described the characterization of a gene cassette-encoding region from a class 1 integron of Shigella sonnei isolate 1778 and identified a variable cassette region encoding sat-aadA genes. With reference to the letter of Partridge and Hall (J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:4298-4300, 2005), we have revised our sequence data and acknowledge that the sequence we originally identified as sat should be designated estX. Our GenBank entry (accession no. AY090896) has been modified accordingly. 4309on May 11, 2018 by guest

Traditional coloring techniques for nipple-areola tattooing ignore the artistic principles of light and shadow to create depth on a two-dimensional surface. The method presented in this article is essentially the inverse of traditional technique and results in a more realistic and three-dimensional reconstruction that can appear better than surgical methods. The application of three-dimensional techniques or "realism" in tattoo artistry has significant potential to improve the aesthetic outcomes of reconstructive surgery.