Due to their therapeutic potential, mesenchymal stem cells are the subject of intensive research on the use of their potential in the treatment of, among others, neurodegenerative diseases or immunological diseases. They are among the newest in the field of medicine. The presented study aimed to evaluate the expression of eight genes from the IAP family and the gene regulating IAP—XAF1—in stem cells derived from human milk, using the qPCR method. The relationships between the expression of genes under study and clinical data, such as maternal age, maternal BMI, week of pregnancy in which the delivery took place, bodyweight of the newborn, the number of pregnancies and deliveries, and the time elapsed since delivery, were also analyzed. The research was carried out on samples of human milk collected from 42 patients hospitalized in The Clinic of Obstetrics and Perinatology of the Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4, in Lublin. The conducted research confirmed the expression of the following genes in the tested material: NAIP, BIRC2, BIRC3, BIRC5, BIRC6, BIRC8, XIAP, XAF1, OCT4 and SOX2. Moreover, several dependencies of the expression of individual genes on the maternal BMI (BIRC5, XAF1 and NAIP), the time since childbirth (BIRC5, BIRC6, XAF1 and NAIP), the number of pregnancies and deliveries (BIRC2, BIRC5, BIRC6 and XAF1), the manner of delivery (XAF1 and OCT4), preterm labor (BIRC6 and NAIP) were demonstrated. Additionally, we found positive relationships between gene expression of BIRC7, BIRC8 and XAF1 and the main factors of pluripotency: SOX2 and OCT4. This work is the first to investigate the expression of genes from the IAPs family in mother’s milk stem cells.

Humanistic-Behavioral-Cultural Competitive Advantage of the Enterprises-Concept Models "Human being requires knowing. Human being as the basis of an organization. Knowing an organization is an appropriate man, whom you can lean on".

Competitiveness is both the functioning basis and the measure of the organization development which is subjected to the laws of the market. The study presents the general look at the problem of competitiveness. The aim of the research is to present the competitiveness as the measure of the enterprise development. The following research hypothesis was taken in the study: competitiveness is an abstract term which is the basis for the enterprise's functioning on the competitive market. The method of literature interpretation was applied in the study, in terms of which the logical reasoning (logical thought) and perception were used. This elaboration confirms the competitiveness importance for the organization's functioning in the changing environment.

The development of marketing activities of enterprises is manifested in numerous concepts that enable them to gain and maintain a competitive advantage on the market. One of such concepts is multi-level marketing, which is a form of goods distribution, i.e. reaching the customer directly in order to sell products / services to him. An important element of multi-level marketing is that it avoids the classic forms of distribution in the form of wholesalers, shops or salesmen. The aim of the study is to present the importance of multi-level marketing in enterprise management in a market economy. The study is based on a study of the literature of the subject enriching the achievements of management and quality sciences.

Przedsiębiorczość stwarza możliwości rozwoju każdej organizacji. Artykuł jest wynikiem badań przeprowadzonych w gminach regionu świętokrzyskiego i prezentuje czynniki stymulowania rozwoju przedsiębiorczości. (abstrakt oryginalny)