HIGHLIGHTS The last 15 years, we have seen a tremendous development in urine treatment technologies We discuss relevant technologies for reaching eight process-engineering goals (sections 2-8) A few biological as well as physical-chemical technologies have been piloted and are moving towards industrialization There is a boost of experimental electrochemical treatment technologies, which hold promise for on-site installations

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Highlights Two field tests in Switzerland and one in South Africa. Short-term stabilization and evaporation resulted in 98% nitrogen recovery. During long-term field tests nitrogen recovery decreased to 20%. Evaporation rates were governed by the relative humidity of the ambient air. Low resource consumption resulted in costs as low as 0.05 EUR pers −1 d −1 .

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