The flourishing of literature on ecosystem services testifies to an increase in awareness of the extent to which economic operations of human societies is due to “natural” factors, so far considered as mere marginal conditions. However, this analysis appears to be flawed by an excessive of economism. It is limited to the evaluation of the effects and does not dive into the ecological relationships between community and environment. After introducing the concept of eco-territorial services, this section traces the coordinates of a more mature discussion of this topic, with important repercussions on land use planning.

In recent years, Tuscan coastal areas have been repeatedly affected by more and more intense weather phenomena, which have caused damage to people and urban settlements. Extreme weather events such as intense downpours, floods, whirlwinds and powerful sea storms, together with critical issues due to ongoing coastal erosion, highlight a number of problems.The physical definition of the coastal system and the management definition of same are topics that sets the goal of defining a possible methodological approach through the presentation of the case study for territorial planning.

L'ambizioso progetto di Leonardo da Vinci del canale navigabile dell'Arno rafforza- va il sistema policentrico della pianura fra Firenze e Pistoia, valorizzando in chiave multifunzionale gli elementi ecosistemici. A metà del '900 l'asse attrezzato di scor- rimento da Firenze a Prato ricalca il tracciato dell'idrovia ma, contrariamente alla visione leonardiana, si relaziona al territorio in un'ottica puramente funzionalista. L'articolo propone un confronto tra due visioni opposte di progetto del territorio.

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The effects of climate change are appearing before us and show the fragility of settlements that are no longer able to manage natural phenomena and therefore their increasingly effect on them. The process of morphogenesis of cities has sedimented spatial configurations, which over time have lost the ability to manage a dynamic balance with the metabolism of the reference environment. The contribution presents a research study aimed at the planning of the Tuscan coast, in which, a novel methodology is proposed for the regeneration of patterns no longer able to manage the current metabolic flows.