BackgroundAtlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is among the economically most important species in the northern Atlantic Ocean and a model species for studying development of the immune system in vertebrates. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small RNA molecules that regulate fundamental biological processes at the post-transcriptional level. Detailed knowledge about a species miRNA repertoire is necessary to study how the miRNA transcriptome modulate gene expression. We have therefore discovered and characterized mature miRNAs and their corresponding miRNA genes in Atlantic cod. We have also performed a validation study to identify suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of miRNA expression in Atlantic cod. Finally, we utilized the newly characterized miRNA repertoire and the dedicated RT-qPCR method to reveal miRNAs that are highly expressed in certain organs.ResultsThe discovery analysis revealed 490 mature miRNAs (401 unique sequences) along with precursor sequences and genomic location of the miRNA genes. Twenty six of these were novel miRNA genes. Validation studies ranked gmo-miR-17-1—5p or the two-gene combination gmo-miR25-3p and gmo-miR210-5p as most suitable qPCR reference genes. Analysis by RT-qPCR revealed 45 miRNAs with significantly higher expression in tissues from one or a few organs. Comparisons to other vertebrates indicate that some of these miRNAs may regulate processes like growth, lipid metabolism, immune response to microbial infections and scar damage repair. Three teleost-specific and three novel Atlantic cod miRNAs were among the differentially expressed miRNAs.ConclusionsThe number of known mature miRNAs was considerably increased by our identification of miRNAs and miRNA genes in Atlantic cod. This will benefit further functional studies of miRNA expression using deep sequencing methods. The validation study showed that stable miRNAs are suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of miRNA expression. Applying RT-qPCR we have identified several miRNAs likely to have important regulatory functions in particular organs.

Examining the potential crime in All That Fall as a crime of reification, this essay seeks to expose two ontological levels within the radio play that are governed by opposing temporalities. It concludes with an assertion that attempting to ‘make real’ distorts an intuitive experience of reality.

Hadoop is a massively scalable parallel computation platform capable of running hundreds of jobs concurrently, and many thousands of jobs per day. Managing all these computations demands for a workflow and scheduling system. In this paper, we identify four indispensable qualities that a Hadoop workflow management system must fulfill namely Scalability, Security, Multi-tenancy, and Operability. We find that conventional workflow management tools lack at least one of these qualities, and therefore present Apache Oozie, a workflow management system specialized for Hadoop. We discuss the architecture of Oozie, share our production experience over the last few years at Yahoo, and evaluate Oozie's scalability and performance.

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