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China has made significant progress in developing new energy sources such as solar energy and wind power in recent decades. However, commercial exploitation of shale gas in China is in the very early stages, in sharp contrast to that in the United States. Patents related to shale gas exploitation are analyzed by using data mining and patent maps. The findings show that shale gas exploitation involves complex technologies that technological accumulation is a long‐term process. Despite decades of rapid growth, significant technology gaps still exist for Chinese enterprises and technological factors could be the bottleneck of China’s exploitation of its massive shale gas resources. Meanwhile, foreign enterprises have applied for a large number of patents in China. Chinese enterprises might have to obtain licenses from foreign patent holders, which could have important implications for shale gas exploitation in China.

This paper integrated systematically the method of MFA, DEA, and the evaluation method of eco-efficiency, constructed a method of evaluating total factor non-renewable energy efficiency based on the perspective of green growth. And it defined the indicators system of evaluating total factor non-renewable energy efficiency. This paper gave an empirical research of total factor non-renewable energy efficiency, economic efficiency of non-renewable energy, environmental efficiency of non-renewable energy, and eco-efficiency of non-renewable energy, of Chinese provincial regions for the year 2012.Study results confirms: the method of evaluating total factor non-renewable energy efficiency of this paper, not only discussed the evaluating problem of total factor non-renewable energy efficiency of the process of non-renewable energy using, but also brought economic value, environmental influence and ecological cost into evaluating framework of total factor non-renewable energy efficiency; so it is a scientific and comprehensive tool of evaluating non-renewable energy efficiency, and is in conformity with the idea of green growth.

More and more patents are incorporated in technical standards in the information and communication industry, which is profoundly changing the state of international standardization. With the case study of GSM standard, the role of patents in the process of designing GSM standard was studied through drawing patent map and patent citation tree. The results show that patents provide technology base for the development of technology solution related to the standards, which speed up the standard-setting processes. The companies own patents become the main promoter of the standardizations, which can affect the intellectual property policies of the standardizations bodies. In addition, making patent application related to technical standards is a key to realize the catch-up strategy in standardization.

Abstract-Technological conflicts and patent litigations have increased rapidly in recent years. Patent early-warning is an important method to coping with the situation. The extension of technological linkage is a major inducer of patent litigation. The study on technological linkage has contributed to conduct patent early-warning. The correlation between patent citations and technological linkage has been analyzed. Technological linkage index is constructed based on patent multi-stage citations and a quantitative method of measuring technological linkage between patent holders is proposed. Taking Apple and Samsung as research samples, the measurement method is applied. The result of time series analysis shows that technological linkage index between them has increased rapidly and this trend keeps ahead of the emergence of patent litigations. Technological linkage index can be employed to analyze and pre-alert for potential patent litigations between specific patent holders.