Whenever a hand or a rotary instrument is used to eliminate tooth tissue, the mineralized matrix shatters rather then being uniformly sheared, producing considerably quantities of cutting debris. Much of the debris made up of very small particles of mineralized collagen matrix over the surface of dentin is known as smear layer. The clinical outcome of dental restorations is dependent upon the surface preparations, smear layer formation and hybrid layer which which provides a stable adhesion. Different surface morphology is produced by use of different burs. The thickness of the smear layer is affected by various factors as type of the bur, use of water spray and speed of rotation. Bonding is enhanced when smear layer is completely removed or modifed. The purpose of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effect of different burs on the topography of the smear layer formation and thickness on dentinal surface.

Synchronous presentation of genitourinary tract malignancies is common, and more so for carcinoma prostate and carcinoma urinary bladder. Each of the carcinomas is treated as per their stage at presentation. Here, we report a case of metastatic carcinoma prostate with penile implant presenting with bladder lesion managed by transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) through perineal urethrostomy.

An awareness and understanding of the presence of an additional root and unusual root canal morphology is essential as it determines the successful outcome of endodontic treatment. A thorough knowledge of basic root canal anatomy and its variation is necessary for successful completion of endodontic treatment. This report points to the importance of looking for additional roots and canals with the help of operating microscope. Finding additional roots and canals would enable clinician to successfully treat a case that would otherwise not be successful.

Premolars have been blessed for having an aberrant root canal anatomy. The occurrence of more than 2 canals with different portal of exit is very rare. If one is facing the scenario of treating the maxillary and mandibular premolars clinically than he must be aware of the internal anatomy of these teeth. These teeth may require special shaping and obturating techniques. This case series is the reflection of the endodontic challenges clinicians face to manage such cases. Careful examination of pre-operative radiograph and careful negotiation is necessary to deal with such variable anatomies.

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