Brain–Machine Interfaces (BMIs) have attracted much attention in recent decades, mainly for their applications involving severely disabled people. Recently, research has been directed at enhancing the ability of healthy people by connecting their brains to external devices. However, there are currently no successful research reports focused on robotic power augmentation using electroencephalography (EEG) signals for the shoulder joint. In this study, a method is proposed to estimate the shoulder’s electromyography (EMG) signals from EEG signals based on the concept of a virtual flexor–extensor muscle. In addition, the EMG signal of the deltoid muscle is used as the virtual EMG signal to establish the EMG estimation model and evaluate the experimental results. Thus, the shoulder’s power can be augmented by estimated virtual EMG signals for the people wearing an EMG-based power augmentation exoskeleton robot. The estimated EMG signal is expressed via a linear combination of the features of EEG signals extracted by Independent Component Analysis, Short-time Fourier Transform, and Principal Component Analysis. The proposed method was verified experimentally, and the average of the estimation correlation coefficient across different subjects was 0.78 (±0.037). These results demonstrate the feasibility and potential of using EEG signals to provide power augmentation through BMI technology.

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The common 'three-pistil' (TP) wheat mutation line expresses TPs in a floret normally containing TPs forming three grains set close back-toback. The developmental origin of the TP trait in common wheat had been diagnosed non-destructively using the blue aleurone trait. The aleurone colour of F 2 seeds grown in F 1 plants of cross TP/UC66049 was evaluated. Due to xenia, the hue of blue grain colour depended on dose of the Ba1 gene for blue aleurone in the triploid endosperm. The TP trait produced four types of segregation in three-seed clusters: (i) white grain only, (ii) two white grains and one blue, (iii) one white grain and two blue, and (iv) three blue grains only. The observed frequency of bluewhite seed within clusters followed the binominal distribution 3 C r (0.75) r Á(0.25) 3-r , where r is the number of colour variants in three-seed clusters (r = 0-3). Intrafloret segregation of seed colour and F 2 segregation derived from aleurone colour of F 3 seeds indicated an independent origin of the TP trait.