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Today, it is possible to design a mathematical model of lead-acid battery on a laptop from scratch with MATLAB. It still takes time to develop, but nowadays these models alone cannot be considered innovations anymore because anybody is able to do the same with the appropriate tools. More than ever, the actual innovation lies in the answer given to the most important question: a model to do what? Here, the model’s main goal is to simulate the flooded battery behavior in all vehicle life cycles. Thus, it seems legitimate to validate them under different operating conditions with experimental data to prove that the simulation results are reliable. It is challenging but feasible, notably by making a correct selection of the parameter value ranges and studying how they influence the output. Another goal is to understand the battery behavior changes due to the physicochemical processes involved at various rates and temperatures to explain Peukert’s law and the impact of temperature on vehicle cranking. The final objective of this model is to find parameter changes corresponding to the main aging phenomena to simulate new and also used batteries.

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Mathematical models remain underused by the battery manufacturing industry because they are complex and require experienced users with high numeric modeling skills. However, accurate battery model and simulation can provide far more insightful information than that obtained from laboratory testing and such knowledge can be applied to an extensive range of operating conditions that may not be available from testing. Such utility has begun to attract more attention from the industry due to growing interests on battery engineering, energy and power management, and hybridization of power sources.Many mathematical models on lead-acid batteries have been published in the last three decades [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], from the simulation of single electrodes to a complete battery pack. The modeling capabilities have been improved almost as fast as the computing power used to enable them. To date, many programming languages and platforms are available for developing battery model on a personal computer from scratch. The values to utilize the utility presented by the model remain to be validated. A key issue is the accuracy and degree of fidelity a model can simulate and predict, with an implication of how confident one can vest on such predictions. More specifically, some recent work [17][18][19][20] has initiated the discussions of the Peukert's law beyond the context of empirical observations. Such discussions present a complicated scenario of the chemistry involved but fall short of offering a comprehensive understanding of the Peukert behavior exhibited by the electrochemical system, which appears highly sensitive to local conditions the electrodes experience.Here, we present an interesting approach to analyze leadacid battery performance and simulate battery behavior in order to yield sufficiently accurate results disregarding the rate of discharge. The fidelity of the results is validated with test results of different designs and test conditions. Such a versatility of simulation using the same set of parameters based on the basic physical and chemical information of the system has not been demonstrated in the open literature before.The one-dimensional mathematical model reported in this work is feasible to simulate the Peukert's law of a leadacid chemistry, with data obtained from various module sizes and test conditions. The model is therefore able to provide a better understanding of the processes involved and responsible for the Peukert behavior. REFERENCES[1] D. Abstract #275, © The Electrochemical Society ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 169.230.243.252 Downloaded on 2014-12-12 to IP

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