This paper reviews the past and present uses of relay models. It discusses the various types of models, what information is required to build such models and the model validation process. Examples of present and possible future use of software models are given.

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This paper outlines the application of new technologies that enhance the benefits of the conventional looped distribution scheme by testing for feeder segment faults without using conventional reclosing. Pulseclosing technology, unlike conventional reclosing, reduces thermal and mechanical stress on substation transformers and other interim-feeder equipment by eliminating the repeated occurrence of high fault currents, thus also extending the life of legacy system assets. This revolutionary new technology also overcomes coordination constraints, allowing the expansion of a distribution loop or radial feeder to an unlimited number of series overcurrent protection devices. Maximum system restoration can be achieved within a few seconds after initial fault detection, and without the need for communication between devices.

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