Background: The fundamental concept of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment is the occurrence of bone remodelling accompanied by tooth movement in equal proportions. The thickness of the alveolar bone, which supports incisors, is important in estimating the direction of tooth movement. Purpose: The study aimed to measure labial and palatal alveolar bone thickness changes after maxillary incisor retraction using lateral cephalograms. Methods: Cephalograms of 40 patients (18.58 ± 4.2 years) with skeletal Class I bimaxillary protrusion after maxillary first premolar extraction for insisivus retraction had been taken before (T0) and after (T1) orthodontic treatment. Changes in alveolar bone thickness were measured in linear and angular directions and then analysed with Spearman correlative analysis. Then the samples were separated into two groups based on the type of tooth movement (tipping and torque), and then the data were analysed using Wilcoxon analysis to see differences in the bone thickness (p<0.05). Results: There was a significant difference in the apical palate (p<0.05) and a relationship between retraction and alveolar bone thickness in the midroot area. In the angular direction, there was no significant difference and relationship; however, there was a significant difference in the labial crestal in the tipping group. In the torque group, the difference in bone thickness occurred in the crestal and apical palatal areas. Conclusion: The retraction and the type of tooth movement difference influence the alveolar bone thickness.

Cephalometry is an essential diagnostic tool to obtain cranial radiograph that is necessary in complex assessment of cranium and orofacial. The cephalometric value is necessary in establishing a diagnosis and developing a comprehensive treatment plan. The standard cephalometric value could not be applied in various racial and ethnic groups, and thus, further research is required to obtain normal cephalometric value of various ethnic and race. The objective of the study is to obtain normal cephalometric value of skeletal, dental and soft tissue in Batak ethnic and to determine difference in between gender. This is an analytic observational study. The subjects of the study are 100 participants (18 males and 82 females) of Batak ethnic, whom lateral cephalometry and its analysis is performed on. The study shows that most male participants have more prognatic maxilla and mandible and more protruded upper and lower incisors compared to that of female participants. There is no significant difference on all variables of measurement of skeletal, dental and soft tissue in both male and female participants. The normal cephalometric value specifically differs in each ethnic and gender, and provides a useful tool in establishing a diagnosis and developing orthodontic treatment plan.

Dental braces installed in dental artisan and beauty salons are due to lack of awareness and knowledge of the community, especially school students about the indication of the use of dental braces and its consequences if used with improper purposes. One of the government's efforts to improve dental health rates for school students is the holding of the oral healthcare program (UKGS) in school. However, the oral healthcare program has not been evenly implemented and it is rare to conduct outreach about the use of dental braces. The purpose of this study was to increase knowledge about the correct use of braces in students of SMPN 34 and SMPN 36 Medan. This research was a descriptive study using 118 student samples from SMPN 34 and SMPN 36 Medan. The results of this study showed that was 92.6% of male students and 84.4% of female students knew that braces function was to straighten teeth, 79.6% male students and 78.1% female students knew the purpose of installing braces was for health, and 92.6% of male students and 84.4% of female students have known that braces installation must be performed by an orthodontist. The conclusion of this study was the level of knowledge about the use of braces in students of SMPN 34 and SMPN 36 Medan was quite high.

Abstract-The prevalence of malocclusion in Indonesia is high while dental health behaviour among adolescents especially towards malocclusion is inadequate whereas health services has not been satisfied. One of the most used index, Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need which consists of aesthetic component and dental health component. The aim of this research was to identify orthodontic treatment need based on aesthetic component among adolescents in Medan. This is a descriptive research with crosssectional design. Two stage stratification cluster sampling method were used. Total sample in this research were 400 adolescents in Medan. The results of this research stated that distribution of treatment need based on aesthetic component among adolescents in Medan were 210 individual (52.5%) for group AC 1-2 (no treatment needed), 112 individual (28%) for group AC 3-4 (mild treatment needed), 41 individuals (10.3%) for group 5-7 (moderate treatment needed) and 37 individuals (9.3%) for group AC 8-10 ( great need for treatment).The conclusion from this research stated that most of the adolescents in Medan do not require orthodontic treatment.

ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Faring merupakan otot yang berfungsi sebagai saluran masuk dan keluarnya makanan dan udara. Penilaian terhadap saluran udara faring berhubungan dengan penilaian terhadap fungsi pernafasan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa adanya perbedaan dimensi saluran udara faring antara berbagai relasi sagital skeletal pada laki-laki dan perempuan. Metode: Sefalogram lateral dari 100 subjek di bagi menjadi tiga kelompok (masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 40 subjek Kelas I, 34 subjek Kelas II, 26 subjek Kelas III) berdasarkan sudut ANB: Kelas I (ANB 0-4), Kelas II (ANB >4°), Kelas III (ANB <0°). Seluruh sefalogram lateral dilakukan tracing dan pengukuran secara manual. Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap lebar nasofaring (PNS-UPW), lebar orofaring (U-MPW), lebar laringofaring (V-LPW). Hasil: Analisa statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada lebar orofaring (U-MPW) di antara relasi sagital skeletal yang berbeda (p<0,05). Perbedaan pada jenis kelamin ditemukan pada lebar laringofaring (V-LPW) (p<0,05). Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan dimensi saluran udara faring di antara relasi skeletal dan jenis kelamin yang berbeda.Kata kunci: Dimensi saluran udara faring, sefalometri lateral, relasi sagital skeletal. Differences of dimension of the pharyngeal airway in various skeletal relations.ABSTRACT Introduction: Pharynx is a muscle that functions as an inlet and outlet for food and air. The evaluation of the pharyngeal airway is related to the evaluation of respiratory function. The purpose of this study was to analyse the differences of dimension of the pharyngeal airway in various skeletal relations in men and women. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 100 subjects divided into three groups (each group consisted of 40 Class I subject, 34 Class II subjects, and 26 Class III subjects) based on the ANB angles: Class I (ANB 0-4), Class II ( ANB >4 °), Class III (ANB <0 °). All lateral cephalograms were manually traced and measured. Measurements were made of nasopharyngeal width (PNS-UPW), oropharyngeal width (U-MPW), and laryngopharyngeal width (V-LPW). Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the width of the oropharynx (U-MPW) between different skeletal sagittal relations (p < 0.05). Sex differences were found in laryngopharyngeal width (V-LPW) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the dimension of the pharyngeal airway between different skeletal and gender relations. Keywords: Dimension of the pharyngeal airway, lateral cephalometry, sagittal skeletal relations. Padjadjaran J Dent Res Student. Oktober 2019;3(2):98-103 LAPORAN PENELITIAN Padjadjaran J Dent Res Student. Oktober 2019;3(2):98-103 LAPORAN PENELITIAN