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Key PointsQuestionDo children with previously normal neurocognitive function who survive an episode of acute respiratory failure requiring intensive care and invasive mechanical ventilation have worse long-term neurocognitive function than their matched siblings?FindingsIn this cohort study that included 121 sibling pairs, children discharged from intensive care hospitalization for respiratory failure without severe cognitive dysfunction compared with their matched siblings had a mean IQ score of 101.5 vs 104.3, a difference that was statistically significant.MeaningAcute respiratory failure in early childhood was associated with a slightly, but statistically significant, lower subsequent IQ score.

Background The epidemiology of pharmaceutically treated depression (PTD) and treatment resistant depression (TRD) is largely unknown in South Korea. The aim of this study was to develop a greater understanding of the characteristics of PTD and TRD in nearly the entire adult population in South Korea using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). Method Diagnostic codes and prescription data for South Korean adults were extracted from the HIRA. Subjects were included in the PTD cohort if they received at least one prescription for antidepressants and were diagnosed with depression. TRD was defined as PTD having two or more regimen failures of antidepressants or antipsychotics. Results In 2012, there were 41,256,396 adults in South Korea with 834,694 meeting the criteria for PTD (2.0%). Among subjects with PTD, 57% stopped treatment in less than 28 days of antidepressant supply. Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants were the most frequently used antidepressants as a first-line regimen for PTD (44.3% of PTD) followed by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (32.1% of PTD). Results also indicated that 34,812 subjects developed TRD (4.2% of PTD). Median PTD and TRD durations were 28 and 623 days respectively. Proportions of psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidities were higher in TRD cases than in PTD cases that were not treatment resistant. Conclusions Despite a small proportion of patients with TRD, the prolonged duration of illness and higher comorbidity implies the need for better treatment.

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