The upward diffusion cloud chamber was used to study the homogeneous nucleation of the MeOH–H2O and n-PrOH–H2O mixtures over a wide range of water activities (i.e., relative humidities). The results are compared with the predictions of theory. Good agreement between the experimental results and the classical theory of homogeneous nucleation was found for alcohol rich mixtures. However, at high water concentrations, the experiments require much more alcohol than theoretically predicted. This is the same conclusion as was obtained previously for the EtOH–H2O mixture. It is shown that this disagreement can be explained by the fact that, for the alcohol–water systems, the use of macroscopic surface tension is not relevant to binary nucleation experiments.

In this work, CMC-ECH/PAM hydrogels with perfect compressive strength were prepared by epichlorohydrin (ECH) cross-linking sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) grafted with polyacrylamide (PAM) to remove the copper ion (Cu2+) from water. The chemical and structural morphology of the product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The compressive strength was measured by successive compression–decompression cycles and up to 70 kPa. Adsorption was studied at different pH values 1–5, adsorbent doses (0.2–8) g/L, and initial Cu2+ concentrations from (50 to 400) mg/L to obtain the optimum conditions for maximum removal of Cu2+. The experimental adsorption data were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, Langmuir isotherm model, and Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 75.930 mg/g at 338.15 K. In addition, the negative ΔG° and positive ΔH° also indicated that the adsorption of Cu2+ is a spontaneous, endothermic, and chemical process. The adsorption mechanism was further verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. CMC-ECH/PAM hydrogels also exhibited excellent reusability after five adsorption–desorption cycles, maintaining about 80% Cu2+ removal efficiency.

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In this work, the volumetric properties of five binary systems based on different tertiary amines and acetonitrile were investigated at temperatures ranging from 288.15 to 323.15 K and 101 kPa. The studied amines were N,Ndimethylhexylamine, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3propanediamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,4-butanediamine, and pentamethyldiethylenetriamine. According to the measured density values, the thermal expansion coefficient (α p )and excess properties including the excess molar volume (V m E ), apparent molar volume (V φ,i ), partial molar volume (V i ), and excess partial molar volume (V̅ i E ) were calculated. All the properties were further discussed from the view of intermolecular interactions. Moreover, the excess molar volume V m E was correlated by the Redlich−Kister equation.