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c Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and causes severe disease in both pigs and human beings. Cefquinome (CEQ), a fourth-generation cephalosporin, exhibits broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as S. suis. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of CEQ against four strains of S. suis serotype 2 in a murine neutropenic thigh infection model. We investigated the effect of varied inoculum sizes (10 6 to 10 8 CFU/thigh) on the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) indices and magnitudes of a particular PK/PD index or dose required for efficacy. Dose fractionation studies included total CEQ doses ranging from 0.625 to 640 mg/kg/24 h. Data were analyzed via a maximum effect (E max ) model using nonlinear regression. The PK/PD studies demonstrated that the percentage of time that serum drug levels were above the MIC of free drug (%ƒT >MIC ) in a 24-h dosing interval was the primary index driving the efficacy of both inoculum sizes (R 2 ‫؍‬ 91% and R 2 ‫؍‬ 63%). CEQ doses of 2.5 and 40 mg/kg body weight produced prolonged postantibiotic effects (PAEs) of 2.45 to 8.55 h. Inoculum sizes had a significant influence on CEQ efficacy. Compared to the CEQ exposure and dosages in tests using standard inocula, a 4-fold dose (P ‫؍‬ 0.006) and a 2-fold exposure time (P ‫؍‬ 0.01) were required for a 1-log kill using large inocula of 10 8 CFU/thigh. Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in the swine industry and causes significant economic losses worldwide. Moreover, it is an emerging zoonotic pathogen causing severe infection in people who have close contact with diseased pigs or pork-derived products (1, 2). To date, 35 serotypes based on S. suis capsular antigens have been described. S. suis serotype 2 is the most virulent and the dominant pathogenic serotype. It has been associated with a variety of severe clinical infections such as meningitis, septicemia, pneumonia, arthritis, and endocarditis in both pigs and humans (3, 4). Significant public health concerns were raised due to large outbreaks of S. suis 2 in humans that occurred in China in 1998 and 2005 that caused high morbidity and mortality (5). Because suitable vaccines were not available, the control of S. suis 2 infections depended almost entirely on the use of antimicrobials. However, the occurrence of high levels of resistance of S. suis to certain antimicrobials (e.g., macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides) has limited the choice of antimicrobial agents for treatment (6). It has previously been reported that the majority of S. suis strains are susceptible to ␤-lactams (MIC of Յ0.03 g/ml). This suggested that these drugs may be efficacious in the treatment of S. suis 2 infections (7).Cefquinome (CEQ) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin developed solely for veterinary use and has been highly effective against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (8). CEQ has also been tested and was shown to be effective in animals using a standard thig...

L-3-Aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA) is an endogenous compound in human metabolism when thymine and valine undergo catabolism. L-BAIBA represents one of the two isomers of BAIBA in biological systems. BAIBA has been shown to reduce body fat percentage via an increase in fatty acid oxidation and a decrease in hepatic lipogenesis. However, no toxicological effects of L-BAIBA in animals or humans have been established. The present study was designed to evaluate the safety and toxic potentials of this compound, where L-BAIBA was administered orally to Sprague Dawley rats at 100, 300, and 900 mg/kg/day for 90 days. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed in any of the treatment groups. Based on the results, the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of L-BAIBA was 900 mg/kg/day.

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In the context of a Healthy China and Rural Rejuvenation, the forest health care industry is actively supported by national policies, but the growth of current forest health care bases is still in its early stages, and many problems exist. On the one hand, service products have ambiguous characteristics and obvious homogenization, indicating a lack of consideration for users' diverse needs; on the other hand, the overall service process is immature, affecting user stickiness and evaluation of forest health care bases and recreation service products. This paper explores the characteristics and needs of forest health care user groups from the standpoint of service design, and converts user needs into visible services using a user-centered approach, which not only broadens the application scope of service design, but also improves the return rate of users and the praise rate of forest health care, and provides suggestions and experiences for further forest health care industry improvement to achieve Multi-win has a commercial and social value.