No abstract

Cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) drugs that target programmed cell death 1 (PD1), programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a promising treatment strategy that can produce a durable response, especially for patients with metastatic cancers.Nevertheless, many patients with cancer fail to respond to immunotherapy or achieve durable remission. The objective response rate of ICB is maintained at 13%-27.3% in many tumors, such as nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 1-5 urothelial carcinoma, 6 renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 7-10 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), 11 liver