not available Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2022; 30: 1-2

Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer (10.4 % of all cancer incidence, both sexes counted) and the fifth most common cause of cancer death in the world. In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths worldwide. Clinical evaluation could function as a valuable diagnostic tool. Clinical evaluation, however, is a simple method to detect cases as it is inexpensive and non-invasive and if found to be accurate, might be of great value.Aim: To evaluate patients referred to colposcopy clinic in BSMMU for breast symptoms by clinical breast examination (CBE).Material and method: The study design was cross sectional study done in the colposcopy clinic in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, under the ‘Establishment of National centre for cervical and breast cancer screening and training at BSMMU’ and ‘Cervical and breast cancer screening and training in BSMMU’ projects.Result: A total of 752 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria , demographic features are demonstrated in mean age of the patients was 35.1±9.2 years, mean BMI was 22.5±2.1, about 30% subjects were postmenopausal and about 2% patients had history of breast cancer. Presenting complaint was a self-detected breast mass and found to have a mass on examination by her physician in 204 patients. 308 subjects complained of mastalgia; 34 patients complained of nipple discharge. Only 5 patients complained of axillary lymph node enlargement. Nipple abnormalities like retracted and cracked nipple was complained by 4% cases. Most patients (58%) were found to have normal findings. Palpable mass was found in 121 cases and bilateral in one case. Nipple abnormalities found in 10 cases. Tenderness and nipple discharge found in 15% and 4% cases respectively. Regarding the characteristics of the masses proved by cytology (FNAC), 109 were benign and 12 were malignant.Conclusion: CBE is an important screening procedure to identify breast pathology. Out of 752 patients breast pathology were identified in about 41% of patients and 10% breast lumps were malignant. So CBE should be done every three yearly in <40 and yearly in above 40 years women.J. Paediatr. Surg. Bangladesh 5(1): 20-24, 2014 (January)

Diabetes is a global health burden and threat that needs proper managements. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is an important marker, both in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the influence of ethnicity on HbA1c in relation to fasting plasma glucose (FPG), by observation among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics in Arab population, with a view to speculate comparison with other population groups in order to make a more rationale management plan of diabetes for different ethnic groups. This cross sectional study was performed amongst 573 newly diagnosed, untreated type 2 diabetic subjects attending the outpatient department (OPD) of Al-Qunfudah General Hospital Diabetic centre, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from June 2010 to April 2013. Data were collect by face to face interview using pre-tested questionnaire. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), blood-pressure, fasting and post-prandial venous plasma glucose, HbA1c and serum creatinine were measured. Patients receiving any treatment for diabetes, suffering from Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), having ketonuria ?2+, pregnant and patients of hemolytic anemia were excluded from the study. Sensitivity, specificity and the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve for HbA1c using different cut-off values were calculated using venous FPG considering gold standard. The analysis was done by computer using SPSS version 22.0. Mean fasting plasma glucose was 227.9±81.45mg/dl and mean HbA1c was 9.79±2.22%, 269 patients (47%) had HbA1c >10%, much above ?6.5%, cutoff determined by American Diabetic association (ADA). For diagnosing diabetes, the optional cut-off for HbA1c was 7.9%, with sensitivity of 83.6%, specificity of 87.8%, positive predictive value of 98.6%, and negative predictive value of 33.3%. These characterizations would not only accord to construct more tactical initiative for comparison but also instigate the rationale to individualize HbA1c on ethnic basis for diabetes management protocols.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.6(2) 2016: 42-47