Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a globally prominent oil seed. Sulfur is a vital nutrient that plays a crucial role in the growth and development of crop plants. Compared with other crops, oilseed crops require more sulfur for their role in oil biosynthesis and as an essential constituent of amino acids, vitamins, proteins, and enzyme structure. Its deficiency results in poor utilization of NPK and, ultimately, crop reduction in yield and quality. Hence, the study investigated the effect of different levels of sulfur on the harvest and quality attributes of various sunflower hybrids. The experiment comprised four sulfur levels (0, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg per ha) and four sunflower hybrids coded as C124 × RH344, C112 × RSIN82, C116 × RH344, and C208 × RH445. The recorded data underwent analysis statistically using Fisher’s analysis of variance technique, and treatment means comparison followed Tukey’s honest significant difference test (HSD) at a 5% probability level. The results showed maximum plant height at maturity (75.80 cm), head diameter (17.90 cm), leaf area per plant (2,309.21 mm2), 100-achene weight (10.60 g), achene yield (2,806.61 kg ha-1), harvest index (26.58%), and oil content (48.46%), while minimum days to flower initiation (40.33 days) were evident when sowing hybrid C124 × RH344 with an application of 20 kg per ha sulfur.

Intestinal spirochetosis is characterized by spirochetes on the luminal surface of colorectal mucosa with a higher prevalence in homosexual men and HIV-infected patients. Previous studies found an association with diverticular disease and intestinal bowel disease with diarrhea as a common presenting symptom seen in our patient. The Brachypiracea family are the most common organisms associated with intestinal colonization with co-infection with other enteric pathogens including Helicobacter pylori being common. Endoscopic mucosal appearance can be variable ranging from normal to mucosal erosions with diagnosis made with biopsy showing a diffuse fringe along the border of the intercryptal epithelial layer (Figure ) and metronidazole being an effective treatment. When an immunocompromised patient with high risk behaviors presents with chronic diarrhea, intestinal spirochetes should be considered on the differential diagnosis.[2183] Figure 1. A, B: Hematoxylin and Eason Stain (H&E) showing intestinal spirochetes at 20x magnification and 40x respectively showing intestinal spirochetes (red arrow).Figure C: Silver Steiner stain showing intestinal spirochetes (red arrow).