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With the inability to secure adequate employment to sustain life, individuals in the Victorian Era developed street gangs as a substitution for jobs. During this era, novelists published writings depicting this rise of street gangs in London. As some of these novelists met harsh consequences due to their realistic representation of these events, Charles Dickens masterfully depicted the disillusion of Victorian youth by embedding the issue of street gangs within his works. Oliver Twist represents street gang activity prominent in the Victorian Era through the characters of Sikes, Fagin, and their adolescent gang members. As a street gang leader, Fagin substitutes as an authoritarian father-figure for homeless adolescents, using methods of psychological abuse as a means to manipulate, coerce, and control the gang members, leading to Oliver's inclusion in the gang. Oliver's experiences in Fagin's gang depict the events of the street gangs during the era as well as the psychological impacts of gang involvement on youth.

Leaders can get others on board with decision making through either delegation or empowerment.Through delegation, a leader will, through an expression of authority, determine which tasks will becompleted by which employees (Billikopf, 2003). Followers are delegated tasks and actions. On theother hand, when followers are empowered, followers have the freedom to complete tasks for thepurpose of achieving the goals and vision of the institution (Billikopf, 2003). Empowerment shares thedecision making process between the leader and the followers. "Shared decision making can improvethe quality and acceptance of decisions, bolster worker motivation and self-esteem, increase sense ofownership and improve interpersonal relations with employees" (Billikopf, 2003, p. 2).