Background: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a severe disease and causes osteoarthritis of the hip joint in young adults. Early diagnosis leads to better prognosis and therapeutic success. Aim: To study pain, radiological outcome & functional outcome post hip forage procedure in patients of avascular necrosis of head of femur (Ficat and Arlet grade 1 and grade 2A). Study Design: This was a prospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Nerul, Navi Mumbai over a period of 2 years from 2015 to 2017 Methodology: We included 50 patients (39 males, 11 females) with Avascular necrosis of unilateral or bilateral head of femur (Grade 1 and Grade 2A), clinical, radiological and functional(with the help of Harris hip score) examination was done at 6 months and 12 months follow up post operatively.  Results: Out of the 50 patients, pre-peratively, 60% reported moderate pain, 20% mild pain and 20% severe pain. At follow-up, 36% patients reported slight pain, 26% mild pain, 26% moderate pain, 8% marked pain, and no pain was reported by 4% patients. Pre-operatively, no limp was seen in 34% patients, while 66% patient had a limp. At follow-up, 70% patient had a limp and no limp in 30% patients. Before surgery, support (cane use) was required by 6% patients, while at follow-up, support was noted by 12% patients. Preoperative mean Harris Hip Score was 63.6, while that at follow-up it was 74.74. Radiological worsening of the disease occurred only in 38% of the patients which suggests that disease progression was delayed in most patients(62%). 2% patients had a complication of foot drop. Conclusion: Avascular necrosis of femoral head is more common in young males. Core decompression by multiple drilling and/or core decompression with fibular strut grafting are equally effective in pre collapse stages (stage 1 and stage 2A) with better functional and radiological outcomes and hence these procedures can play a vital role in delaying the disease progression.

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The world is changing rapidly as the twenty-first century begins, but adequate and affordable housing remains a concern for all countries. To address pressing issues such as slum reduction, economic and social development, and climate change, a new understanding of housing is required. Housing is no longer just a roof; it now plays an important role in achieving sustainable development, as the concept of sustainable housing envisions. This targets to identify the indicators for affordable housing in India. Rapid urbanization including migration to towns have created rigorous urban housing shortages within India, mainly for the economically weaker segments and low-income groups. To bridge aforementioned demand-supply gap we necessitate a substantial abundance of affordable houses in India. To outlines the prevailing situation toward affordable housing including study the different policies and schemes concerning central, state and local governments concerning affordable housing. Understanding urban housing regulations policy and guideline reforms on private participation investment in urban affordable housing, to subdue housing shortage by 2022 in India.