In behavioural experiments we investigated the influence of previous short exposure to sex pheromone on subsequent response of male Spodoptera littoralis moths to sex pheromone. We found that pre-exposed males showed increased sensitivity to female sex pheromone after a single exposure to a pheromone plume compared to that found in naïve males. The increased responsiveness lasted for at least 27 h after the exposure, showing that it was not just a short-term sensitization of the males. Exposure to the odour source without upwind movement towards the source was enough to increase the responsiveness. Physical activation without exposure to odour did not affect responsiveness. The increase in responsiveness after exposure was higher when the males were pre-exposed to natural female pheromone gland extract than when they were exposed to a higher dose of the main component, even though both odour sources elicited similar upwind attraction in naïve males. Thus, the quality of the pheromone mixture to which males were exposed influenced the subsequent response.

BACKGROUND: There is limited data on the accuracy and reproducibility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) for the detection of left atrial (LA) scar/fibrosis in patients with AF. In this study, we sought to (1) evaluate the presence and extent of left atrial scar detected using delayed enhancement-CMR and to (2) determine the correlation between CMR findings and endocardial voltage mappingdetected LA scar. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients accepted for catheter ablation for AF were eligible for the study. Delayed enhancement CMR and endocardial voltage mapping for the assessment of LA scar data were both performed during sinus rhythm (requiring cardioversion in most patients). CMR-detected scar was identified as LA regions with tissue-to-blood signal intensity ratio > 1.25 and bipolar voltage < 0.5mV was used to define atrial scar. Scar burden was calculated by dividing the scar area by the total LA area. High-density voltage mapping was acquired using multipolar catheters and a semi-automated software to ensure homogeneous data collection (Confidense module, Biosense Webster, Inc). CMR and endocardial voltage maps were interpreted by blinded to the other investigation result. Fortyfive patients were enrolled; LA scar burden assessment with CMR was completed in 43 patients. Two patients were excluded due to poor CMR image quality. Thirty-one patients had persistent and 12 paroxysmal AF. Mean age 64AE9 years, LVEF 61AE9%. The mean normalized LA volume was 52AE17ml/m2. The average number of endocardial points acquired for atrial voltage mapping was 1387AE1060. Overall, the correlation for the percentage of atrial scar detected with CMR and endocardial voltage mapping was poor (rho¼0.13; 95%CI -0.17 to 0.42; P¼0.3). Table1 shows the scar burden by CMR and endocardial voltage map. CONCLUSION: In this study, the correlation between highdensity voltage mapping and CMR-detected atrial scar burden was poor. The overall extent of scar was generally more extensive on CMR when compared to intracardiac mapping. Further research is needed to improve the accuracy of CMR for the detection and quantification of atrial scar in patients with AF.

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