Surrogate safety measures are gaining more interest in the field of traffic safety analysis due to the limitations of traditional methods. Traffic conflict techniques (TCTs) is one of the surrogate safety measure. The most appealing aspect of conflict indicators is their ability to capture severity of collision data objectively within shorter period of time. This paper comparatively reviews the methodology and application of proximal surrogate safety indicators. In this paper, the surrogate safety measures are grouped in two categories namely time proximity indicators and evasive action based indicators. For each of indicators, the paper provides the guidelines as well as prominent features, including critical and threshold values. The paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed indicators.

Abstract. Crack opening and closing during shaft rotation of a cracked rotor system have long been a focus of many previous studies. Previously published modeling work in the literature uses weight-governed crack breathing model for very large rotor systems. However, for lightweight or vertical or lightly damped rotors the opening and closing statuses of a crack are not always weight dominated as there is significant influence from dynamic loads. Further, the dependence of the breathing mechanism on the crack location has not been investigated yet. In this paper, the crack breathing behavior of an unbalanced shaft at the different crack location of a rotating shaft is investigated. A three-dimensional finite element model, consisting of a two-disk rotor with a transverse crack, is used. Finite element model is simulated using ABAQUS/Standard. Crack breathing behavior is found to strongly depend on its axial position, angular position, depth ratio, unbalanced force ratio and angular position. Two different crack breathing regions along the shaft length are identified, where unbalanced shaft stiffness may be larger or smaller than the balanced shaft, depending on the unbalance force orientation, magnitude and crack location. Further, four specific crack locations along the shaft length have been identified, where the crack remains fully closed or open or just behaves like in the balanced shaft. The results suggest that more accurate prediction of the dynamic response of cracked rotors can be expected when the effects of unbalance force and individual rotor physical properties on the crack breathing have been taken into account.