Law appears in accordance with the political and social configuration of a certain period. This fact indicates that the law continues to require renewal. One of the proofs that the law cannot reach people's lives which continues to develop is the emergence of Emergency Law no. 12 of 1951. The emergency law emerged as a renewal of the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 8 of 1948, and changed the Ordonnantie Tijdelijke Bijzondere Strafbepalingen (sbtl. 1948 No. 17). At certain times the emergency law was the right solution, but now the law that has not been updated can cause problems. One of the problems that arise is the ambiguity of the "without rights" element in the use of sharp weapons. The law does not specify which party has the right or the right to not use sharp weapons. In order for the law to continue to be used, a ratio legis is needed. This study aims to examine (1) the ratio of the elements of "without rights" in Article 2 of Law no. 12 of 1951, and (2) the configuration of the concept of Article 2 of Law no. 12 Year 1951 which is ideal in the future. This research is juridical-normative research with a statutory approach. The technique of analyzing legal materials is done by qualitative descriptive. The results of this study include, (1) the phrase "without rights" needs to be specified so as not to cause multiple interpretations, and (2) Law no. 12 of 1951 is no longer relevant to use.

This research aims to describe the regulation of illegal logging in Indonesian positive law and to analyze how illegal logging is in the perspective of Indonesian criminal law. It is a normative legal research, which examines laws and regulations in a coherent legal system with the values ??contained in the Forestry Law Number 19 of 2004 and Law No. 18 of 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction, The research results show that illegal logging is regulated in the Forestry Law, namely Forestry Law No. 19 of 2004, changes to Law no. 41 of 1999 became a Law as an instrument in tackling illegal logging crimes. Then Regulation of the Minister of Forestry Number: P.30/Menhut-II/2012 concerning Administration of Forest Products originating from Private Forests. The government also enacted Law no. 18 of 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction as statutory regulations, and is the implementation of Law no. 14 of 1999. Illegal logging sanctions are emphasized in the Forestry Law in the form of criminal sanctions given to those who carry out illegal logging, according to Law no. 18 of 2013 with a maximum prison sentence of 15 years and a maximum fine of IDR 100 billion.

Pulau lumpur atau tanah timbul merupakan sumber daya alam baru yang secara ekonomis berpotensi untuk pertanian dan usaha air payau yang berdampak pada penguasaan dan pemilikan tanah oleh masyarakat lokal. Di sisi lain, hukum tertulis negara menyebutkan bahwa tanah timbul merupakan milik negara yang dikuasai pemerintah. Pada kenyataannya sejarah menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat lokal menguasai secara turn-temurun berdasarkan adat yang berlaku. Penguasaan tanah timbul (aanslibbing) di Kabupaten Gresik dan Pasuruan membutuhkan kepastian hukum, dengan kata lain, perpanjangan Hukum Agraria Indonesia masih pluralistik. Untuk masyarakat Gresik, hal ini dapat menjadi kepekaan sosial jika tidak ditangani dengan bijak yakni dengan mempertimbangkan prinsip kepastian dan kegunaan. Kata kunci: tanah timbul (aanslibbing), penguasaan dan pemilikan