Pengembangan teknik kontrol penerbangan (flight control) untuk drone tidaklah sederhana disebabkan oleh nonlinearitas, ketidakpastian, dan karakteristik dinamis udara. Bahkan, ini lebih rumit dari sistem kontrol yang memiliki hanya satu input dan satu output, diakibatkan kendali penerbangan drone dapat memiliki lebih dari satu input dan output. Fasilitas 3 degree of freedom (DOF) helikopter dapat mengimplementasikan teknik penerbangan drone jenis bikopter yang memiliki dua rotor secara eksperimen. Posisi tinggal landas (take off) drone sangatlah penting berkaitan dengan keselamatan awal penerbangan. Metode kontrol Proportional Integral Derivatif (PID) merupakan teknik populer yang tidak hanya dipelajari di dunia pendidikan tetapi juga telah diterapkan oleh industri untuk mengontrol plant-nya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari teknik kontrol penerbangan posisi take off drone bikopter dengan menerapkan metode PID baik kajian teori maupun eksperimennya. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa koefisien penguatan (gain) berpengaruh terhadap kesalahan dan lineraritas posisi drone. Variasi komponen gain kendali proportional integral lebih buruk dari proportional derivatif. Untuk mendapatkan respon posisi yang paling akurat dan linear, seluruh koefisien PID harus diaplikasi pada teknik kontrol penerbangan posisi tinggal landas drone bikopter.
This paper addresses a design optimization of a gas turbine (GT) for marine applications. A gain-scheduling method incorporating a meta-heuristic optimization is proposed to optimize a thermodynamics-based model of a small GT engine. A comprehensive control system consisting of a proportional integral (PI) controller with additional proportional gains, gain scheduling, and a min-max controller is developed. The modeling of gains as a function of plant variables is presented. Meta-heuristic optimizations, namely a genetic algorithm (GA) and a whale optimization algorithm (WOA), are applied to optimize the designed control system. The results show that the WOA has better performance than that of the GA, where the WOA exhibits the minimum fitness value. Compared to the unoptimized gain, the time to reach the target of the power lever angle is significantly reduced. Optimal gain scheduling shows a stable response compared with a fixed gain, which can have oscillation effects as a controller responds. An effect of using bioethanol as a fuel has been observed. It shows that for the same input parameters of the GT dynamics model, the fuel flow increases significantly, as compared with diesel fuel, because of its low bioethanol heating value. Thus, a significant increase occurs only at the gain and depends on the fuel flow.
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