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Since the onset of the COVID-19 health crisis, and associated stringency measures, governments have acted in support of businesses and individuals by activating fiscal stimulus measures and introducing or expanding social protection programs. Initiatives to collect, analyze and monitor social protection responses have generated a wealth of evidence on the most aspects 1 The note presents preliminary findings for discussion and only reflects the personal views of the authors. We are grateful to Penny Williams, Amjad Zafar Khan, Delphine Prady and David Coady for precious comments and support. Almenfi and Gentilini are with the World Bank; Breton, Dale and Richardson with UNICEF; and Pick is with the OECD.

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