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α-hederin, a saponin that is a major constituent of English Ivy (Hedera helix) is effective in the treatment of asthma. In the present study, the effect of α-hederin on lung tissue pathology and the levels of the inflammatory mediators; IL-2 mRNA, IL-17 mRNA, and MicroRNAs (miRNA)-133a was evaluated in a rat ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized model of asthma. Rats were divided randomly into control (C), OVA-sensitized (S), OVA-sensitized pretreated with the antioxidant, thymoquinone (3 mg/kg, S + TQ) or OVA-sensitized pretreated with α-hederin (0.02 mg/kg, S + AH) groups. Levels of IL-2 and IL-17 mRNA were higher in the OVA-sensitized group than controls while the level of miRNA-133a gene expression was lower. IL-2 mRNA and miRNA-133a gene expression in the S + TQ group was higher than in the control and OVA-sensitized groups while the level of IL-17 mRNA in the S + TQ group was lower than in the OVA-sensitized group. Pretreatment with α-hederin decreased IL-17 mRNA levels and increased miRNA-133a gene expression compared with OVA-sensitized animals. All pathological changes in pretreated groups were lower than the OVA-sensitized group. These results showed a beneficial effect of α-hederin in OVA-sensitized rats, suggesting that α-hederin affects the IL-2 and IL-17 secretion pathways, altering miRNA-133a expression.

Citation of This ArticleKarabag K, Alkan S, Mendes M: Histoanatomical studies on the fibrous tunic of eye in dromedary camel. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 23 (6): 911-915, 2017. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2017 AbstractThis study was conducted to understand the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the fibrous tunic of 20 healthy adult dromedary camel eyes. First, the fibrous tunic of the eye was anatomically examined in terms of appearance, dimensions, location and structure. Then prepared histological slides were studied microscopically after staining by H&E, Verhoeff, Trichrome masson's and P.A.S. The result showed that in the oval-shaped camel cornea, the internal angle is rounder than the external one. The average cornea length (lateral-medial), width (dorsal-ventral), and thickness were respectively measured as 2.91±0.05, 2.07±0.04, and 0.12±0.05 cm. The thickest part of sclera is in the posterior pole of the eyeball. There was not any Bowman's membrane in camels. Descemet's membrane includes a rather even, pink, thick and shapeless membrane. Descemet's membrane is characterized with a very high positive P.A.S. reaction. Caudal endothelium of cornea did not show positive P.A.S. reaction and is observed in the form of a thin band attached to descemet's membrane. In the structure of sclera, the collagen fibers are remarkably thick, and the longitudinal and transverse cross sections are observed in the form of alternating layers. There were small elastic fibers in camel sclera. In anatomy, except for some differences, the cornea and sclera of the camel are similar to those of the other ungulates. Except for a little differences in Bowman's layer and descemet's membrane, it is similar to the fibrous tunic of the other animals. Keywords: Dromedary camel, Eye, Fibrous tunic, Histoanatomy Tek Hörgüçlü Devede Gözün Fibröz Tabakasında Histoanatomik Çalışmalar ÖzetBu çalışma tek hörgüçlü 20 adet sağlıklı erişkin devede gözün fibröz tabakasının makroskobik ve mikroskobik yapılarını araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. İlk olarak gözün fibröz tabakası anatomik olarak görünüş, boyut, yerleşim ve yapı bakımından incelendi. Sonrasında, hazırlanan histolojik kesitler H&E, Verhoeff, Masson'un üçlü boyası ve PAS ile boyanarak mikroskopik olarak araştırıldı. Oval şekilli deve korneasında iç açının dış açıdan daha yuvarlak olduğu gözlemlendi. Ortalama kornea uzunluğu (lateral-medial), genişliği (dorsal-ventral) ve kalınlığı sırasıyla 2.91±0.05, 2.07±0.04 ve 0.12±0.05 cm olarak ölçüldü. Skleranın en kalın yeri göz yuvarlağının posterior kutbuydu. Develerde Bowman membranı bulunmamaktaydı. Descement membranı daha düz, pembe, kalın ve şekilsiz membrandan oluşmaktaydı. Descement membranı çok fazla PAS pozitif reaksiyon ile karakterize idi. Korneanın kaudal endoteliumu PAS pozitif reaksiyon göstermezken, descement membrana bağlı ince bir bant şeklinde gözlemlendi. Skleranın yapısında kollajen fibriller oldukça kalın olup longitudinal ve transversal kesitlerde yer değiştiren formlarda gözlemlendi. Deve sklerasında küçük elastik fibriller bulu...

SummaryIn this study, for determination of histogenesis of iris in sheep, 32 samples of sheep fetuses at different and certain ages were used. After sample preparation and fixation, their age were determined and histological and anatomical studies were done. In histological studies, the H&E staining and two other specific staining (verhoeff and Masson's Trichrome) were used. Obtained results demonstrated that a two-layered cup formed in first month but iris separation from the anterior and ceca part of retina occurred in second month. The separation of iris from ciliary body was completed in third month. From the beginning of third month, the iris formed changes and its circular shape changed to oval form so that its internal angle was larger than its external angle and this condition was retained until the end of pregnancy. General shape of pupil conformed to general shape of iris. It was histologically revealed that iris was formed from the anterior part of the optic cup just at the connection place of outer and inner layers in second month and thereafter a part of superficial ectoderm and choroid was added to it. The first signs of elastic fibers in iris as well as smooth muscles appearance were significant in second month. The posterior cells are pigmented from the beginning of the iris cell formation. Anterior epithelial tissue of the iris was simple squamous and two layer cuboidal cells formed its posterior epithelium which were stabilized in third month. The number of collagen and elastic fibers and smooth muscles and their size increase with age. Keywords: Iris, Sheep fetus, Histogenesis Koyun Fetus Irisinin Histogenesisi Üzerine Bir Çalışma ÖzetBu çalışmada, koyunlarda iris histogenezinin belirlenmesi için farklı ve belirli yaşlarda 32 adet koyun fetus örneği kullanıldı. Numune hazırlama ve tesbit sonrası, yaş durumları belirlenerek histolojik ve anatomik çalışmalar gerçekleştirildi. Histolojik çalışmalarda, H & E boyama ve diğer iki spesifik boyama (Verhoeff ve Masson's Trichrome) kullanıldı. Elde edilen sonuçlar, iki katmanlı çanak formasyonunun ilk ayda oluşmasına rağmen retinanın anterior ve ceca bölümlerinden iris ayrılmasının ikinci ayda meydana geldiğini gösterdi. İrisin siliyer cisimden ayrılması üçüncü ayda tamamlandı. Üçüncü ayın başından itibaren, iris değişiklikleri oluşmuş ve onun iç açısının dış açısından daha büyük olabilmesi için sirküler şekli oval forma değiştiği ve bu durumun gebeliğin sonuna kadar muhafaza edildiği gözlemlendi. Pupilin genel şekli iris genel şekli ile uyumlu bulundu. Histolojik olarak ortaya çıkan bulguda, iris ikinci ayda dış ve iç katmanların bağlantı yerindeki optik çanağın anterior bölümünü oluşturduğu ve bundan sonra yüzeysel ektodermin bir kısmının ve koroidin buna eklendiği belirlendi. Iris elastik liflerinin yanı sıra düz kasların görünümünün ilk belirtileri ikinci ayda anlamlı bulundu. Posterior hücreler iris hücre formasyonu başlangıcından itibaren pigmentli halde gözlemlendi. Irisin anterior epitel dokusu, üçüncü ayda stabilize olan onun posterior epitelin...

Muscular diseases and injuries are challenging issues in human medicine, resulting in physical disability. The advent of tissue engineering approaches has paved the way for the restoration and regeneration of injured muscle tissues along with available conventional therapies. Despite recent advances in the fabrication, synthesis, and application of hydrogels in terms of muscle tissue, there is a long way to find appropriate hydrogel types in patients with congenital and/or acquired musculoskeletal injuries. Regarding specific muscular tissue microenvironments, the applied hydrogels should provide a suitable platform for the activation of endogenous reparative mechanisms and concurrently deliver transplanting cells and therapeutics into the injured sites. Here, we aimed to highlight recent advances in muscle tissue engineering with a focus on recent strategies related to the regulation of vascularization and immune system response at the site of injury.