Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases which occur in aged people worldwide. Given that a sequence of cellular and molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stresses, apoptosis, inflammatory pathways, microglia, astrocyte activation, and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) are associated with initiation and the progression of PD. AQP4 may affect various pathways (i.e., α-synuclein, inflammatory pathways, and microglia and astrocyte activation). Few reports have evaluated the relationship between AQP4 and PD-related cellular and molecular pathways. Here, for the first time, we highlighted the relationship between AQP4 and molecular mechanisms involved in PD pathogenesis.aquaporin 4, astrocyte, microglia, Parkinson disease, α-synuclein

Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, and is a major health problem throughout the world. Today, researchers have discovered many risk factors that are associated with the initiation and progression of gliomas. Studies have shown that PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and PIWI proteins are involved in tumorigenesis by epigenetic mechanisms. Hence, it seems that piRNAs and PIWI proteins may be potential prognostic, diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers in the treatment of glioma. Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between piRNAs and PIWI proteins and some of the molecular and cellular pathways in glioma. Here, we summarize recent evidence and evaluate the molecular mechanisms by which piRNAs and PIWI proteins are involved in glioma.

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