No abstract

Renewable energy is in high demand for a balanced ecosystem. There are different types of energy storage systems available for long-term energy storage , lithium-ion battery is one of the most powerful and being a popular choice of storage . This review paper discusses various aspects of lithium-ion batteries based on a review of 420 published research papers at the initial stage through 101 published research articles that have been finally reviewed. This review paper focuses on several topics, including electrical vehicle (EV) systems, energy management systems, challenges and issues , and the conclusions and recommendations for future work. EV systems discuss all components that are included in producing the lithium-ion battery. The energy storage section contains the batteries, super capacitors, fuel cells, hybrid storage , power, temperature, and heat management . Energy management systems consider battery monitoring for current and voltage, battery charge-discharge control, estimation and protection, cell equalization. This paper's challenges and issues discuss some of the critical aspects of lithium-ion batteries, including temperature and safety, life-cycle and memory effects, environmental effects, and recycling processes. The conclusion and recommendation of this paper indicate the future scope of research. This review paper can provide the lithium-ion battery's insight, overall synopsis and contribution, and further research directions to the EV system .

The smart grid control applications necessitate real-time communication systems with time efficiency for real-time monitoring, measurement, and control. Time-efficient communication systems should have the ability to function in severe propagation conditions in smart grid applications. The data/packet communications need to be maintained by synchronized timing and reliability through equally considering the signal deterioration occurrences, which are propagation delay, phase errors and channel conditions. Phase synchronization plays a vital part in the digital smart grid to get precise and real-time control measurement information. IEEE C37.118 and IEC 61850 had implemented for the synchronization communication to measure as well as control the smart grid applications. Both IEEE C37.118 and IEC 61850 experienced a huge propagation and packet delays due to synchronization precision issues. Because of these delays and errors, measurement and monitoring of the smart grid application in real-time is not accurate. Therefore, it has been investigated that the time synchronization in real-time is a critical challenge in smart grid applications, and for this issue, other errors raised consequently. The existing communication systems are designed with the phasor measurement unit (PMU) along with communication protocol IEEE C37.118 and uses the GPS timestamps as the reference clock stamps. The absence of GPS increases the clock offsets, which surely can hamper the synchronization process and the full control measurement system that can be imprecise. Therefore, to reduce this clock offsets, a new algorithm is needed which may consider any alternative reference timestamps rather than GPS. The revolutionary Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables the industrial revolution to provide a significant performance to engineering solutions. Therefore, this article proposed the AI-based Synchronization scheme to mitigate smart grid timing issues. The backpropagation neural network is applied as the AI method that employs the timing estimations and error corrections for the precise performances. The novel AIFS scheme is considered the radio communication functionalities in order to connect the external timing server. The performance of the proposed AIFS scheme is evaluated using a MATLAB-based simulation approach. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs better than the existing system.

No abstract

No abstract